Table 1: Rationale for the ingredients included in After-Effect©.

Ingredients Dose1 Effect Improved symptoms2 Reference Borago seeds oil (22% GLA) 1500 mg Precursor of prostaglandin1 Headache, laziness, being tired [18] Magnesium 56.25 mg Might be deficient Withdrawal symptoms [19, 20] Headaches [21] B6 vitamin 2 mg Role in immune system Uncomfortable feeling [22] B1 vitamin 4.2 mg Might be deficient Impatience, restlessness [22, 23] C vitamin 120 mg Antioxidative properties — [24] Fish oil (18% EPA, 12% DHA) 157.5 mg Anti-IL1 effect — [25] Pro-inflammatory cytokines↓ — [26] Silybum marianum (2% silymarin) 80 mg Hepatoprotective properties — [27–29] Opuntia ficus indica (polar extract) 60 mg Anti-oxidative properties — [24]

1Total dose of 5 capsules. 2Only those symptoms that showed a significant improvement during alcohol hangover are listed. GLA: gamma-linolenic acid, EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.