Phytochemical Profiling and Larval Control of<i> Erythrina variegata</i> Methanol Fraction against Malarial and Filarial Vector

Baranitharan, Mathalaimuthu; Sawicka, Barbara; Gokulakrishnan, Jayapal

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2641959

Advances in Preventive Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 2641959 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2641959

Phytochemical Profiling and Larval Control of Erythrina variegata Methanol Fraction against Malarial and Filarial Vector

Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan,¹Barbara Sawicka,²and Jayapal Gokulakrishnan³

Academic Editor: Gerardo E. Guillén Nieto

Received23 Nov 2018

Revised05 Feb 2019

Accepted10 Mar 2019

Published16 Apr 2019

Abstract

Erythrina variegata (E. variegata) bioactive chemical has been the potential to be utilized as a good, eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito population. In the present investigation, methanol extract using insecticidal compounds isolated against mosquito larvae kill assay was carried out. Secondary metabolism was characterized by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectral, and identification of compound. Mosquito immature third instar larval, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus have been exposed to different concentrations of 50-250 µg/ml. Totally, larvae were death rate 98.2% (significant value ) from methanol extract and it is significant toxicity against larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC₅₀/LC₉₉ values were 157.69/339.55 µg/ml and 137.67/297.33 µg/ml, respectively. FT-IR analysis in the functional groups such as alcohol, amines, amides, alkenes, amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, , amines, and alkyl halides searched the identity of secondary metabolites, which may act as 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound and clearly indicates being phytochemical. Chemical constituents of twenty-five compounds were identified in the methanol extract. The major components were 12-Octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (37.31%). Compound molecules consist of carbon 19 atoms (gray), hydrogen 36 atoms (greenish blue), and oxygen 2 atoms (red), indicated by the different colors. The results were obtained suggesting that, in addition to their pharmaceutical and medicine sources, 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound can also serve as a natural mosquito control.

1. Introduction

Mosquitoes are very well recognized as vectors of protozoan, viruses, and other pathogenic organisms and it is well-known also that under the influence of environmental conditions a vector species may notice changes in the seasonal distribution in the same area of dominance. The increase in density of a vector species is very much dependent on climatologically factors favorable for its breeding and adult survival. The effects of land use change by humans have long been recognized as a factor in the exacerbation of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases [1]. Biological invasions challenge our ability to understand the biotic and abiotic process that governs their distribution and abundance [2]. Different mosquito species exhibit particular type of rhythmic pattern of behavior during their life cycle. Majority of the mosquito’s rest during day time and their activities start little before the dusk and end little after the dawn. Majority of the Anopheles and Culex species are night time biters. Feeding host preference of mosquitoes varies from human to other mammals and birds. Mosquitoes being vector for many tropical and subtropical diseases are the most important single group of insects well-known for their public health importance. Despite progress in vaccine development, no effective and acceptable multivalent vaccines are currently available against vector borne diseases [3]. The approach to combat these diseases largely relies on interruption of the aquatic stages or by killing the adult mosquitoes using chemical insecticides. The drastic effects of chemical insecticide based intervention measures for the control of disease vectors have received wide public apprehension and have caused many problems like insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, and environmental organisms. Plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be used to develop environmentally safe vector and pest managing agents. Botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential are now recognized as potent alternative insecticides to replace synthetic insecticides in mosquito control processes due to their excellent larvicides, ovicides, and adulticides properties [4].

In recent years, important efforts have been managed to propose plant-borne compounds as important alternatives to synthetic mosquitocides, due to their effectiveness, reduced toxicity towards vertebrates, and high biodegradability [5]. In Erythrina variegata (E. variegata) (Vernacular name: Kalyana murungai in Tamil), siddha medicine is used especially for menstrual disorders and fissures at penis tip [6]. The bark and root were noticed the presence of glycosides, volatile oils, carbohydrates, and tannins. Furthermore, seeds yield a saponaceous glucoside, a fatty oil, and alkaloid. Leaves and bark yield a poisonous alkaloid. The leaves, bark, and root are used in India for the treatment of various diseases and E. variegata shows antiosteoporotic [7], cytotoxic [8], anthelmintic [9], antiulcer [10], diuretic [11], analgesic [12], cardiovascular effect, respiratory effect [13], and antioxidant activity [14]. In present research, we assessed the mosquitocidal action of E. variegata methanol extract and 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound on An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

New, developed leaves of E. variegata (Figure 1) are collected from the Velankanni (10°40′49.09′′N latitude and 79°50′58.91′′E longitude), Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, in India. Plant is legitimately validated in the Department of Botany, Annamalai University. Plant leaves were air-dried in the dark place and each sample was ground to a fine powder. The dried leaves (100g) were powdery automatically exploitation business electrical stainless-steel liquidizer and extracted consecutive with methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone exploitation Soxhlet equipment. The extract was focused underneath reduced pressure 22–26 mmHg at 45°C by ‘Rotavapour’ and therefore the residue obtained was held on at 4°C. The condensed crude leaves extract was held on in refrigerator till needed for investigation for larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities.

2.2. Culture of Mosquitoes

The mosquito vectors, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, were gathered from restorative field and stagnant water zones of Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, in India. It was kept up at 27±20°C, 75-85 relative mugginess. The hatchlings were bolstered with dog biscuits and yeast at 3:1 proportion.

2.3. Larvae Kill Assay

The larval kill activity was followed by WHO [15] method. All doses ranged from 50 to 250µg/ml and were tested on early third instars of the targeted mosquitoes. The plants products were solved in 1 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in 249 ml of dechlorinated water. Control was 1 ml of DMSO in 249 ml of dechlorinated water. Per each tested species, 25 individuals per replicate were stored in 249 ml of dechlorinated water and 1 ml of DMSO plus the required dose of mosquitocidal. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 h. For each dose, 5 replicates were carried out. Percent mortality was rectified for control mortality utilizing the formula by Abbott’s [16].

2.4. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared analysis was used to probe bond vibrations and bending in molecules and to reveal the types of functional groups present in compound. Functional group region is in the range from 4000 to 1600 cm⁻¹ and finger print region is from 2918 to 645 cm⁻¹ [17].

2.5. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic analysis of the leaf extracts was carried out on Agilent technologies (6890 N), JEOL GCMATE II, which comprised an autosampler and gas chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument employing the following condition: capillary column 624 ms (30m×0.32mm×1.8m) operating in an electron mode at 70 eV; helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a constant flow of 1.491 mlmin⁻¹ and injection volume of 1.0 ml, injector temperature of 140°C, and ion source temperature of 200°C. The oven temperature was programmed for 45°C. Mass spectra were taken at 70 eV [18].

2.6. Identification of Compound

Interpretation of mass spectrum of GC-MS was conducted using the databases of IIT, Chennai version (NIST08s) WILEY8, FAME. The spectrum of the unknown components was compared with the known components stored in the NIST08, WILEY8, FAME library. The name, molecular weight and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Larvae mortality data were subjected to probit analysis [19] to calculate the LC₅₀, LC₉₀ utilizing statistical package of social science (SPSS) rendition 16.0 for Windows and data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (factors: the tested extracts dose) followed by New Duncan test. The significance level was set at P<0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Larvae Kill Assay

Larvae kill assay of E. variegata was carried out with mosquito immature third instar larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The leaf extracts of E. variegata were 98.2% (methanol) at 250µg/ml, and total percentage was 59.5%, 54.22% (ethyl acetate), 45.92% (chloroform), and 37.46% (hexane) larval mortality rate against Cx. quinquefasciatus. Moreover, An. stephensi was screened 92.8% (methanol) at 250µg/ml, and total percentage was 55.02%, 47.74% (ethyl acetate), 37.94% (chloroform), and 28.74% (hexane) (Table 1). The larvae kill bioassay (LC₅₀/LC₉₉ values) of E. variegata extracts on Cx. quinquefasciatus was 137.67/297.33µg/ml, sig. 0.001, and R² = 0.981; 148.65/316.67µg/ml, sig. 0.005, and R² = 0.989; 178.12/380.83µg/ml, sig. 0.081, and R² = 0.998; 206.31/418.47µg/ml, sig. 0.290, and R² = 0.999 for methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane. In addition, the LC₅₀/LC₉₉ values were 157.69/339.55µg/ml, sig. 0.126, and R² = 0.995; 180.07/377.66µg/ml, sig. 0.533, and R² = 0.990; 222.21/456.18µg/ml, sig. 0.376, and R² = 0.991; 234.01µg/ml, sig. 0.386, and R² = 0.996, respectively, on An. stephensi (Table 2).

3.2. FT-IR Analysis of Methanol Extract

FT-IR analysis was carried out to identify the functional groups of the methanol extract, E. variegata. FI-IR spectrum indicated the clear peaks with (3318, 2918, 2850, 1630, 1238, 1065, 891, 780, and 645 cm⁻¹) different values (Figure 2). Above the peak values they corresponded to functional groups like, , amines, amides group (N-H stretching 3318 cm⁻¹), an alkenes group (C-H stretching 2918 and 2850 cm⁻¹), a amines group (N-H bend 1630 cm⁻¹), aromatic amines group (C-N stretching 1238 cm⁻¹), aliphatic amines group (C-N stretching 1065 cm⁻¹), , amines group (N-H wag 891 and 780 cm⁻¹), and alkyl halides group (C-Br stretching 654 cm⁻¹). The functional groups such as alcohol, amines, amides, alkenes, amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, , amines, and alkyl halides confirmed their presence in methanol extract.

3.3. GC-MS Analysis of Methanol Extract

Twenty-five compounds and the total concentration of percentage 106.95% from leaf methanol extract were noticed (Table 3 and Figure 3), particularly some amount of compounds, 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (36.32%), Prednisone (11.88%), Cymarin (8.40%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (5.63%), 4-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxy-6-phenylpyrimidine (5.13%), 6-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-1,2,2-tricarbonitrile, 5-amino-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-4-propyl- (4.93%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl) (4.08%), 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 4-hydroxy-3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)- (3.99%), 4-Piperidinamine, N,1-dimethyl- (3.38%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (2.35%), 2,6-Bis(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (2.16%), 6-Benzylamino-1-methyl-5-nitro-2-phenyl-1H-pyrimidin-4-thion (1.90%), 1-(3a-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3,3a,8a-tetrahydro-1H-1,3,8-triaza-cyclopenta[a]inden-8-yl)-ethanone (1.89%), 2H-1-Benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl- (1.37%), N-[2-Hydrazono-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H,2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-benzamide (1.05%), and Ascaridole epoxide (1.01%).

3.4. Mass Spectral Analysis of Methanol Extract

Mass spectral analysis was observed to be m/z value 296.487 for 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound consistent with the proposed molecular formula (C₁₉H₃₆O₂) of the compound (Figure 4). Mass spectral studies strongly confirmed that 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester structure was present in the methanol extract. The 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester 3D structure contained some molecules (Figure 5). Molecules consisting of carbon 19 atoms (gray), hydrogen 36 atoms (greenish blue), and oxygen 2 atoms (red) were indicated by different colors.

4. Discussion

In present day, mosquito life cycle control using larval and eggs activity agents is a major compound in the control of vector borne diseases. Medicinal plant as potential larval and eggs activity is considered as viable and preferred alternative in the life cycle control of the mosquitoes at the community level. Phytochemicals derived from plants act as general toxicants against adults as well as against larval stages of mosquito vectors, while some act as growth inhibitors or as chemosterilant or act as repellant or attractants. In the background of resistance developed by the mosquitoes against chemical pesticides, identifying new larvicidal compounds from natural plants products against mosquitoes is noticed [20, 21]. Biological active compounds have been utilized to the improvement of eco-friendly vector management and botanical pesticides are cheap and easy to administer against mosquito management [22, 23]. A large number of plant extracts have been reported to have mosquitocides or repellent activities against mosquito vectors, but very few plant products have shown practical utility for mosquito control [24]. Therefore, the present study is focused on the larvicidal activity of E. variegata leaf extract tested against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Present results showed that the larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) of E. variegata extracts on Cx. quinquefasciatus was found to be 137.67/297.33µg/ml, 148.65/316.67µg/ml, 178.12/380.83µg/ml, and 206.31/418.47µg/ml for methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane, respectively. The present researches are comparable with earlier reports [25, 26]. As an evidence, the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ of citronella component from Melissa officinalis tested against An. stephensi were 85.44 and 159.73 mg/L [27]. Furthermore, the larvicidal activity of Gymnema sylvestre tested against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with LC₅₀ values of acetone, chloroform, and methanol extracts were 34.756, 31.351, and 28.577 mg/ml, respectively [28].

Insecticidal activity of piperitenone oxide compound from Mentha plants have been studied by Mohamed and Abdegaleil [29] and reported significantly effect on stored grain pests, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Further, mosquitocidal activity of piperitenone oxide compound tested against An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus have been reported by many authors [30, 31]. Major phytochemical compound, namely, phytol isomer in chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula leaves, has potential mosquito larvicides and repellents on Cx. quinquefasciatus [32]. Different compounds of Spathodea campanulata by GC-MS analysis reported that a major component is phytol isomer identified as mosquitocidal activity against Ae. aegypti [33]. This plant possessed some phytochemical properties such as spathodol, caffeic acid, other phenolic acids, and flavonoids [34]. These chemicals have been affecting the mitochondria [35], midgut epithelium, gastric caeca and malpighian tubules of mosquito larvae [36, 37]. Similarly, the bioactive compounds from peel extracts of Arachis hypogaea showed higher efficiency in reducing mosquito menace due to their larvicidal toxicity [38]. The maximum amount of flavonoid (44.6%) was noticed in acetone extract of Andrographis paniculata followed by phenol (32.2%), alkaloid (22.2%), steroid (20.5%), chlorogenic acid (5.3%), and tannin (3.7%) [39]. Plant-borne compounds and the fractions were tested as larvicides, ovicides, and repellency against An. stephensi, Ae. Aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The larvicides activity was tested by 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound against Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. Stephensi, and Ae. aegypti with LC₅₀ values of 20.51, 22.32, and 23.90 ppm [40]. The highest larvicidal activity of important medicinal plants, Sesamum indicum, Pongamia pinnata, and Croton bonplandianum methanol extract with LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ values were 108.55 and 230.57 ppm, 143.59 and 305.52 ppm, and 154.51 and 319.01 ppm, respectively [41].

5. Conclusion

One isolated compound and 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester were more active than the methanol extract on Cx. quinquefasciatus. A possible explanation could be that the interaction of the compounds with other constituents of the methanol extract could be responsible for the higher mosquito larval killing activity observed in the methanol extract as against the Cx. quinquefasciatus exhibited by the identification of compounds. Further research on the isolation and purification of active compounds from the leaves should be conducted to increase its therapeutic applications.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, for the laboratory facilities provided. They are also thankful to Unit of Instrumentation, IIT Madras for FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. This work was supported by their cooperation and University Grant Commission, New Delhi, with their financial assistance (F. no. 42-597/2013(SR) dated 25/03/2013).

References

C. H. Douglas and M. R. Douglas, “Patient-friendly hospital environments: exploring the patients perspective,” Healt Expect, vol. 7, pp. 61–73, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Stevens, M. Grelon, D. Vezon et al., “A CDC45 homolog in arabidopsis is essential for meiosis, as shown by RNA interference-induced gene silencing,” The Plant Cell, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 99–113, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Klempner, T. R. Unnasch, and L. T. Hu, “Taking a bite out of vector-transmitted infectious diseases,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 356, no. 25, pp. 2567–2569, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Samidurai, “Mosquito larvicidal and ovicidal properties of Pemphis acidula Frost. (Lythraceae) against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae),” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. S1862–S1866, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Benelli, “Plant-borne ovicides in the fight against mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance: a systematic review,” Parasitology Research, vol. 114, no. 9, pp. 3201–3212, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Z. Rahman, M. S. Rahman, A. Kaisar, A. Hossain, and M. A. Rashid, “Bioactive isoflavones from erythrina variegata L,” Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–28, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
A. E. Nkengfack, A. G. Azebaze, A. K. Waffo, Z. T. Fomum, M. Meyer, and F. R. van Heerden, “Cytotoxic isoflavones from Erythrina indicia,” Phytochemistry, vol. 58, pp. 1113–1120, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Palanivelu and M. Jesupillai, “Anthelmintic activity of leaves of Erythrina indica Lam,” International Journal of Alternative Propulsion, vol. 7, pp. 1–3, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Sachin and J. Archana, “Anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of Erythrina indica Lam. leaves in animals,” Pharmacog Magazvol, vol. 6, pp. 396–401, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Jesupillai, S. Jesemine, and M. Palanivelu, “Diuretic activity of leaves of Erythrina indica Lam,” International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 4, pp. 218-219, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Haque and M. S. Ali, “Analgesic activity of methanol extract of the leaf of Erythrina indica,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 77–79, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
G. K. Chatterjee and T. K. Gurman, “Preliminary pharmacological screening of Erythrina indica seeds,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 11, pp. 153–168, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Saraswathy, D. Ramasamy, and D. S. Nandini, “In vitro antioxidant activity and heavy metal analysis of stem bark of Erythrina indica Lam,” Indian Drugs, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 631–634, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
I. A. Khan and A. Khanum, Herbal Medicines for Diseases, vol. 34, Ukaaz Publications, 2005.
World Health Organization, “Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides,” Communicable disease control, prevention and eradication, WHO pesticide evaluation scheme, WHO, Geneva, WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP1.3, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
W. S. Abbott, “A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide,” Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 265–267, 1925.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Ashokkumar and M. Ramaswamy, “Phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopic analysis of leaf extracts of selected Indian Medicinal plants,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, pp. 395–406, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Kumaravel, P. Praveen Kumar, and P. Vasuki, “GC-MS study on microbial degradation of Lindane,” International Journal of Applied Chemistry, vol. 6, pp. 363–366, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
D. J. Finney, “A statistical treatment of the sigmoid response curve,” in Probit Analysis, vol. 633, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1971.
View at: Google Scholar
B. S. Siddiqui, T. Gulzar, A. Mahmood, S. Begum, B. Khan, and F. Afshan, “New insecticidal amides from petroleum ether extract of dried Piper nigrum L. whole fruits,” Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1349–1352, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Benelli, “Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging tool against mosquitoes of medical and veterinary importance: a review,” Parasitology Research, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 23–34, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. W. Ndung'u, B. Kaoneka, A. Hassanali et al., “New mosquito larvicidal tetranortriterpenoids from Turraea wakefieldii and Turraea floribunda,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 16, pp. 5027–5031, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Pavela, K. Kaffková, and M. Kumšta, “Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from different Mentha L. and Pulegium species against Culex quinquefasciatus say (Diptera: Culicidae),” Plant Protection Science, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 36–42, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Sun, H. Dong, C. Guo et al., “Larvicidal activity of extracts of Ginkgo biloba exocarp for three different strains of Culex pipiens pallens,” Journal of Medical Entomology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 258–261, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Dhanasekaran, K. Krishnappa, A. Anandan, and K. Elumalai, “Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activity of selected indigenous medicinal plants against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston, dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus (Giles.) (Diptera: Culicidae),” Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 9, pp. 29–47, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Gokulakrishnan, M. Baranitharan, S. Dhanasekaran, J. Deepa, B. Selvakumar, and S. Thushimenan, “Laboratory evaluation of Pedalium murexL. extracts on the South East India disease vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae),” International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, vol. 1, pp. 7–14, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Baranitharan, S. Dhanasekaran, K. Murugan, K. Kovendan, and J. Gokulakrishnan, “Chemical composition and laboratory investigation of Melissa officinalis essential oil against human malarial vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi L. (Diptera: Culicidae),” Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, vol. 4, pp. 969–973, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Elumalai, S. Dhanasekaran, and K. Krishnappa, “Larvicidal activity of Saponin isolated from Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) against Japanese Encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae),” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1404–1410, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
M. I. E. Mohamed and S. A. M. Abdelgaleil, “Chemical composition and insecticidal potential of essential oils from Egyptian plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae),” Applied Entomology and Zoology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 599–607, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Koliopoulos, D. Pitarokili, E. Kioulos, A. Michaelakis, and O. Tzakou, “Chemical composition and larvicidal evaluation of Mentha, Salvia, and Melissa essential oils against the West Nile virus mosquito Culex pipiens,” Parasitology Research, vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 327–335, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. A. Belinato, A. J. Martins, J. B. P. Lima, and D. Valle, “Effect of triflumuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions: Culicidae,” Parasites & Vectors, vol. 6, p. 83, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
P. C. Sathya Narayanan, R. Kalpana Devi, M. Pushpalatha, R. Raveen, and S. Lingathurai, “Bio-Efficacy of Terminalia chebula Retz (Combretaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae),” International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, vol. 3, pp. 41–49, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Pravin, M. Saranya, T. Sivakumar, S. Mahendran, R. S. Mohanraj, and B. Dhanakkodi, “Larvicidal, pupicidal, ovicidal activity and GC-MS analysis of Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) acetone leaf extract against the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae),” International Journal of Current Research and Academic, vol. 3, pp. 92–111, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
A. A. El-Hela, “A phenolics from Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Leaves,” Al-Azhar Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 27, pp. 152–162, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Usta, S. Kreydiyyeh, K. Bajakian, and H. Nakkash-Chmaisse, “In vitro effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde on membrane potential and respiratory chain complexes in isolated rat liver mitochondria,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 935–940, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Rey, M.-P. Pautou, and J.-C. Meyran, “Histopathological effects of tannic acid on the midgut epithelium of some aquatic diptera larvae,” Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 173–181, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J.-P. David, D. Rey, M.-P. Pautou, and J.-C. Meyran, “Differential toxicity of leaf litter to dipteran larvae of mosquito developmental sites,” Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 9–18, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Velu, D. Elumalai, P. Hemalatha, M. Babu, A. Janaki, and P. K. Kaleena, “Phytochemical screening and larvicidal activity of peel extracts of Arachis hypogaea against chikungunya and malarial vectors,” International Journal of Mosquito Research, vol. 2, pp. 01–08, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Thangavel, S. Umavathi, Y. Thangam, A. Thamaraiselvi, and M. Ramamurthy, “GC-MS analysis and larvicidal activity of Andrographis paniculata(Burm.F) Wall. Ex nees. against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae),” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 4, pp. 392–403, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Mathalaimuthu, D. Shanmugam, K. Kovendan, M. Kadarkarai, G. Jayapal, and G. Benelli, “Coleus aromaticus leaf extract fractions: a source of novel ovicides, larvicides and repellents against Anopheles, Aedes and Culex mosquito vectors?” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 106, pp. 23–33, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Bharanitharan, N. Muthulingam, S. Senthilmurugan, A. Dhanasekaran, A. Jeyasankar, and S. Barbara, “Studies on the impact of medicinal plants in relation to malaria vector control against Anopheles stephensi,” Innoriginal: International Journal of Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 12–14, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2382

Downloads

1515

Citations