Effects of Grape Seed Extract, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E on Ethanol- and Aspirin-Induced Ulcers

Table 2

Effects of GSE, VC, and VE on ulcer indexes and MDA gastric concentrations in rats with ethanol-induced ulcer.

Treatment	Doses (mg/kg)	Ulcer index (mm)	𝐈 (%)	MDA (nmol/mg of pt)	𝐈 (%)
Negative control (vehicle)	0	0 ± 0****	—	1.02 ± 0.21**	—
Positive control (vehicle + ethanol)	0	72.27 ± 8.43	—	18.72 ± 0.76	—
Vit C + ethanol	25	32.32 ± 10.1*	55.2	10.71 ± 0.54***	45.2
Vit C + ethanol	250	32.67 ± 8.8**	54.8	7.93 ± 0.88***	61.0
Vit E + ethanol	25	40.94 ± 9.6*	43.3	11.03 ± 0.57***	43.4
Vit E + ethanol	250	29.21 ± 9.8**	59.6	5.02 ± 0.59***	77.4
GSE + ethanol	25	13.27 ± 4.8^***ab	81.6	7.84 ± 0.45^***aabb	61.4
GSE + ethanol	250	2.03 ± 0.69^***aab	97.2	4.00 ± 0.28^***aa	83.2

GSE: grape seed extract, VC: vitamin C, VE: vitamin E, MDA: malondialdehyde.
Data as means ± MSE (mean standard error).
* 𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, ***𝑃<0.001; comparisons with positive control,^a𝑃<0.05, ^aa𝑃<0.01 comparisons with the same doses of VC, ^b𝑃<0.05, ^bb𝑃<0.01 comparisons with the same doses of VE, (Mann-Whitney 𝑈 test).