Pharmacokinetics of Immediate and Sustained Release Cephalexin Administered by Different Routes to Llamas (Lama glama)

Table 1

Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) calculated for immediate release cephalexin following an intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) 10 mg/kg injection to 6 llamas.

Parameter	Route of administration
	IV	IM	SC
(g/mL)	—	31.2 ± 10.5	19.1 ± 3.5
(h)	—	0.36 ± 0.2	0.84 ± 0.6
(h^−1)	1.17 ± 0.18	1.05 ± 0.16	0.55 ± 0.11
(h)	0.60 ± 0.1	0.67 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.2
(g⋅h/mL)	67.5 ± 6.0	49.0 ± 11.5	60.3 ± 5.7
(g⋅h/mL)	69.5 ± 6.8	49.4 ± 11.4	61.8 ± 5.7
(h)	0.6 ± 0.08	1.3 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.4
(h)	0.7 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.5
MAT (h)	—	0.6 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.5
(mL/min⋅kg)	2.42 ± 0.25	—	—
/ (mL/min⋅kg)	—	3.49 ± 0.6	2.72 ± 0.2
(L/kg)	0.135 ± 0.01	0.280 ± 0.06	0.270 ± 0.05
(L/kg)	0.102 ± 0.01	—	—
(%)	—	72 ± 20	89 ± 10

Values within a row with different superscripts indicate significant differences ().
: peak serum concentration; : time to reach peak serum concentration; : apparent terminal rate constant; : terminal half-life; : area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to last point; : area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity; MRT: mean residence time; MAT: mean absorption time; : total body clearance; : apparent volume of distribution; : volume of distribution at the steady state; : absolute bioavailability.