|
| Properties | Honey types and bee species | Therapeutic effects | Reference |
|
| Antidiabetic | Nigerian honey (Apis spp.) | Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol | [61] |
| Reduced hyperglycemia, triglycerides (TGs), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, coronary risk index (CRI), and cardiovascular risk index |
| Gelam honey (Apis dorsata) | Increased expression of phosphorylated JNK and JKK-β. Reduced expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and Akt phosphorylation | [62] |
| Expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and Akt phosphorylation |
| European bee honey (Apis spp.) | No effect on glucose level at low dosage | [63] |
| Increased blood glucose at high dosage |
| European bee honey and stingless bee honey (Apis cerana indica, Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata, Apis florae, and Trigona iridipennis) | Higher percentage of inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme (Trigona sp.) | [64] |
| Stingless bee honey (Geniotrigona thoracica) | Prevent increased of fasting-blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterols (TC), TGs, and LDL levels | [65] |
| Increased HDL and serum insulin levels |
| Decreasedchanges of histopathological and oxidative stress expression level, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in pancreatic islets |
| Increased expression level of insulin |
|
| Wound healing | Multifloral honey, West Bengal (Apis mellifera) | Close resemblance of D-spacing and collagen diameter to normal skin collagen (scanning electron microscope observation) | [66] |
| Multifloral honey, Iran (Apis mellifera) | Increased Oedema and necrosis | [67] |
| Less infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells |
| Improve wound contraction |
| Increased epithelialisation |
| Increased concentrations of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan |
| Multifloral honey, Ibadan, Nigeria (Apis mellifera) | Increased granulation tissue in electroscalpel (ES) wound | [68] |
| Increased fibroelastic tissue in honey treated wounds of ES group and honey treated wound cold scalpel |
| Tualang honey (Apis dorsata) | High tensile strength of colon anastomosis and fibroblast count | [69] |
| | High inflammatory cells | |
| European bee honey (Apis spp.) | High hydroxyproline level in jaundiced animals treated with honey | [70] |
| High bursting pressure |
| Stingless bee honey (Trigona spp.) | Prevent growth of rifampicin-resistant S. aureus and maintaining the sensitivity of S. aureus towards rifampicin | [71] |
| Stingless bee honey (Apis mellipodae) | Showed effective effects in inhibiting growth of S. aureus and other pathogenic bacteria | [11] |
| European bee honey (Apis spp.) | Stimulates healing process, clears infection, stimulates tissue regeneration, and reduces Inflammation | [58, 72, 73] |
|
| Anticancer | European bee honey (Apis mellifera) | Increased number of viable HepG2 cells in the human hepatoma cell (HepG2) treatment | [74] |
| Improvement of the total antioxidant status |
| Caspase-3 activity is time and dose-dependent |
| Multifloral honey (Apis mellifera) | Increased rate of incidence, the efficacy to multiply, and the tumor size | [75] |
| Stingless bee (Trigona spp.) | Reduced the total number of ACF and aberrant crypt and multiplicity of crypt | [76] |
| No changes in the level of blood profile parameters, liver enzymes, and kidney functions |
| Trigona incisa, Timia apicalis, Trigona fusco-balteata, and Trigona fuscibasis | Increased cytotoxicity effects towards HepG2 cell line, while propolis crude extracts exhibit high cytoxicity effects towards all the human cancer cell lines | [77] |
| Treatment of eye diseases | Honeydew honey(Apis mellifera) | Bacterial flora in the conjunctival sac of patients with cataract and scheduled for vitrectomy was successfully eradicated after 7 days | [78] |
| Australian and New Zealand honey (Leptospermum sp.) | Reduced formation of the whole colony-forming units in the eyelids and conjunctivae in patients with dry eye syndrome after one and three months of therapy | [79] |
| Tualang honey (Apis dorsata) | No difference between the conventional treatment with Tualang honey eye treatment for chemical eye injury | [80] |
| European bee honey (Apis spp.) | Corneas manifested an immediate regression of the corneal oedema | [81] |
| Stingless bee (Trigona spp.) | Retardation of the cataract progress in 20% of the rats in the group that received honey for the opacification treatment | [82] |
| Stingless bee honey (Meliponula spp.) | Reduced the infection time for eye diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | [83] |
|
| Fertility | Tualang honey (Apis dorsata) | Increased intromission and ejaculation percentage in rats | [84] |
| Increased rate of fertility and mating |
| Honey Uremia, Iran (Apis spp.) | Reduced apoptosis and necrosis rate of the testicular cells in cells affected by noise stress and thereby increased cell viability | [85] |
| Tualang honey (Apis dorsata) | Beneficial effects on level of corticosterone, pregnancy outcome, and adrenal histomorphometry | [86] |
| Tualang honey (Apis dorsata) | Reduced cortisol and increased progesterone level of stress-induced female rats | [87] |
| | Increased testicular, epididymal weights, epididymal sperm count, motility, viability in nondiabetic, and sperm quality | [88] |
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