A Review of Malaysian Medicinal Plants with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Table 1

The medicinal plants which are considered to possess anti-inflammatory activity based on in vitro studies.

Scientific name	Family	Local name	Part/solvent used	Types of assays	Anti-inflammatory activity (%)	IC50	Active compounds	References
Agelaea borneensis	Connaraceae	Akar rusa-rusa	Bark/methanol	LOX inhibition	71%–100% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[26]
Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae	Pokok gajus	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	16.10% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Averrhoa bilimbi	Oxalidaceae	Belimbing buluh	Fruits/water	NO inhibition	22.30% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Barringtonia racemosa	Lecythidaceae	Putat kampung	Leaves/chloroform	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	57.7% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[27]
			Leaves/ethanol		29.80% at 100 μg/ml
			Leaves/hexane		42.39% at 100 μg/ml
Boesenbergia rotunda	Zingiberaceae	Temu kunci	Rhizomes/hexane	Griess assay (nitrite determination)	NA	36.68 μM	Boesenbergin A	[28]
Boswellia serrata	Burseraceae	Salai guggul and kemenyan	Leaves/methanol	Human red blood cell method	80.00% at 2000 μg/ml	NA	NA	[29]
Buchanania insignis	Anacardiaceae	Tais/mangga hutan	Bark/methanol	LOX inhibition	41%–70% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[26]
Canarium patentinervium	Burseraceae	Kedondong and kaju kedapak	Leaves and barks/hexane, chloroform, and ethanol	5-LOX inhibition	NA	1.76 μM	Scopoletin	[30]
Carica papaya	Caricaceae	Betik	Leaves/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	72.63% at 100 μg/ml	60.18 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Chisocheton polyandrus	Meliaceae	Lisi-lisi	Bark/methanol	LOX inhibition	71%–100% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[26]
			Leaves/hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol	Soybean LOX inhibition assay	NA	0.69 μM and 1.11 μM	Dammara-20,24-dien-3-one and 24-hydroxydammara-20,25-dien-3-one	[32]
Citrullus lanatus	Cucurbitaceae	Tembikai	Fruit pulp/petroleum ether, chloroform, and 90% ethanol	COX-2 inhibitory activity	60–70% at 100 μM	69 μM	Cucurbitacin E	[33]
				Griess assay (NO inhibition)		17.6 μM
Cosmos caudatus	Asteraceae	Ulam raja	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	15.40% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Crinum asiaticum	Amaryllidaceae	Pokok bakung	Leaves/ethanol	NO inhibition	NA	58.5 μg/ml	NA	[34]
Curcuma longa	Zingiberaceae	Kunyit	Rhizomes/hexane-ethyl acetate and methanol	COX-2 inhibitory activity	82.50% and 58.90% at 125 μg/ml	NA	Monodemethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin	[35]
Curcuma mangga	Zingiberaceae	Temu mangga	Rhizomes/methanol	NO inhibition	19.20% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Cythostema excelsia	Annonaceae	Lianas	Leaves and stems/methanol	LOX inhibition	41%–70% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[26]
Desmos chinensis	Annonaceae	Kenanga hutan	Bark/methanol	LOX inhibition	41%–70% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[26]
Eurycoma longifolia	Simaroubaceae	Tongkat ali	Root/hydroalcoholics	Human red blood cell membrane stabilization method	70.97% at 1000 μg/ml	NA	NA	[36]
Ficus deltoidea	Moraceae	Mas cotek	Leaves/methanol	LOX inhibition	10.35% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[37]
Garcinia cuspidata	Clusiaceae	Asam kandis	Bark/methanol	LOX inhibition	71%–100% at 100 μg/ml	28.3 μg/ml	NA	[26]
Garcinia subelliptica	Guttiferae	Pokok penanti	Seeds/chloroform	Chemical mediator released from mast cell and neutrophil inhibition	NA	15.6 μM, 18.2 μM, and 20.0 μM	Garsubellin A and garcinielliptin oxide	[38]
Gynura pseudochina	Asteraceae	Pokok daun dewa	Leaves/ethyl acetate	IL-6/luciferase assay	NA	11.63 μg/ml	NA	[39]
Jatropha curcas	Euphorbiaceae	Jarak pagar	Latex and leaves/aqueous methanol	NO inhibition	NA	29.7 and 93.5 μg/ml	NA	[40]
Kaempferia galanga	Zingiberaceae	Cekur	Rhizomes/petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water	COX-2 inhibitory screening assay	57.82% at 200 μg/ml	0.83 μM	Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate	[41]
Labisia pumila var. alata	Myrsinaceae	Kacip fatimah	Roots/methanol	Colorimetric nitric oxide assay (macrophage cell line)	75.68% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[42]
Leucas linifolia	Lamiaceae	Ketumbak	Whole plant/methanol	LOX inhibition	34% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[43]
Litsea garciae	Lauraceae	Engkala/pengalaban	Fruits/methanol	LOX assay	9.42% at 2 mg/ml	NA	NA	[44]
				Hyaluronidase assay	27.70% at 5 mg/ml
Melicope ptelefolia	Rutaceae	Tenggek burung	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	95% at 250 μg/ml	NA	p-O-geranylcoumaric acid, kokusaginine, and scoparone	[13, 45]
				Soybean 15-LOX inhibition assay	72.3%
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Kelur	Fruits/ethyl acetate	NO inhibition	NA	0.136 μg/ml; 1.67 μM	(1) 4-[(20-O-Acetyl-α-L rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate	[46]
						2.66 μM	(2) 4-[(30-O-Acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate
						2.71 μM	(3) 4-[(40-O-Acetyl-α-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate
Musa acuminata	Musaceae	Pisang abu nipah	Flowering stalk/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	71.06% at 100 μg/ml	42.24 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	Daun selasih	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	30.00% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Ocimum canum	Lamiaceae	Kemangi putih	Whole plant/methanol	LOX inhibition	32% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[43]
Oenanthe javanica	Apiaceae	Selom	Whole plant/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	75.64% at 100 μg/ml	54.12 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Orthosiphon stamineus	Lamiaceae	Misai kucing	Leaves/petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol	NO inhibition	NA	5.2 μM (eupatorin); 9.2 μM (sinensetin)	Eupatorin and sinensetin	[47]
Pandanus amaryllifolius	Pandanaceae	Pandan	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	34.10% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Persicaria tenella	Polygonaceae	Daun kesum	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	87.80% at 250 μg/ml	8 μg/ml	NA	[13]
Phaleria macrocarpa	Thymelaeaceae	Mahkota dewa	Mesocarp/methanol	NO inhibition	69.50% at 200 μg/ml	NA	NA	[48]
			Pericarp/methanol		63.40% at 200 μg/ml
			Seeds/methanol		38.10% at 200 μg/ml
Piper sarmentosum	Piperaceae	Kaduk	Leaves/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	62.82% at 100 μg/ml	60.24 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Pithecellobium confertum	Fabaceae	Medang	Seeds/methanol	NO inhibition	23.50% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Portulaca oleracea	Portulacaceae	Gelang pasir	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	94.80% at 250 μg/ml	44 μg/ml	NA	[13]
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	Fabaceae	Kacang botol	Pod/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	39.28% at 100 μg/ml	>100 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Sauropus androgynus	Phyllanthaceae	Cekur manis	Leaves/methanol	Griess assay (NO inhibition)	68.28% at 100 μg/ml	58.34 μg/ml	NA	[31]
Solanum nigrum	Solanaceae	Terung meranti	Leaves/methanol	NO inhibition	27.60% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Solanum torvum	Solanaceae	Terung belanda	Leaves and fruits/methanol	NO inhibition	25.20% at 250 μg/ml	NA	NA	[13]
Thymus vulgaris	Lamiaceae	Taim	Whole plant/methanol	LOX inhibition	62% at 100 μg/ml	NA	NA	[43]
Timonius flavescens	Rubiaceae	Batut	Leaves/methanol	LOX inhibition	71%–100% at 100 μg/ml	8.9 μg/ml	NA	[26]