Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Polyherbal Preparations in CCl<sub>4</sub>-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Begum, Rayhana; Papia, Sonia Akther; Begum, Mst Marium; Wang, Hongbin; Karim, Rubaba; Sultana, Rebeka; Das, Priyanka Rani; Begum, Taslima; Islam, Md. Ragibul; Manwar, Nargis; Rahman, Md. Sohanur

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3169500

Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Abstract Background Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Abbreviations Data Availability Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 3169500 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3169500

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Polyherbal Preparations in CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Rayhana Begum,¹Sonia Akther Papia,¹Mst Marium Begum,²Hongbin Wang,³Rubaba Karim,¹Rebeka Sultana,⁴Priyanka Rani Das,¹Taslima Begum,¹Md. Ragibul Islam,¹Nargis Manwar,¹and Md. Sohanur Rahman⁵

Academic Editor: Kim Wei Chan

Received08 Jul 2021

Revised13 Nov 2021

Accepted07 Jan 2022

Published27 Feb 2022

Abstract

Background. Polyherbal formulations (PLFs) have been widely used for liver protection, treatment for hepatic dysfunction, and regeneration. They can also enhance appetite and protect the gastrointestinal tract from injury. In spite of the prevalent use, there is a need of scientific evidence on their effectiveness and safety. The objective of the present study was to assess the hepatoprotective effect of polyherbal formulations (commercially available in Bangladesh namely Heptaliv, Holyliv, Icturn, and J-deenar) in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods. In this study, Swiss albino mice were treated for 7 days with distilled water or PLFs (2.6 and 5.2 ml/kg body weight/day, per os.) followed by single subcutaneous injection of CCl₄ (1 ml/kg body weight, diluted with olive oil in 1 : 1 ratio) on day 8. Twenty-four hours after CCl₄ administration, the mice were monitored for the effects of PLFs on liver morphology, biochemical parameters including serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time and histopathology changes in liver tissues were also monitored. Results. CCl₄ administration caused significant hepatotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time and infiltration of inflammatory cells and centrizonal necrosis on histological examination of liver demonstrated hepatic injury after CCl₄ administration. However, the administration of Icturn and J-deenar polyherbal formulations at the higher dose significantly decreased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin. Moreover, pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time and histopathological analysis also revealed significant improvement as result of treatment with formulations Icturn and J-deenar. Conclusion. Our results confirmed that polyherbal formulations (Icturn and J-deenar) can significantly prevent CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, demonstrating their protective effect for liver.

1. Background

Liver injury can be caused by various undesirable chemical components like toxic chemicals (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, aflatoxin, thioacetamide, trichloroethylene, etc.), therapeutic agents (e.g. antibiotics, antitubercular drugs, paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen certain chemotherapeutic agents, etc.), microbial agents (e.g. hepatitis virus, leptospira, malarial parasites, etc.) obesity, genetic defects, autoimmune disorders, chronic consumption of alcohol, certain herbs, hormones (such as birth control pills), and anabolic steroids [1–3]. Hepatotoxicity is linked with cellular necrosis; elevated free radicals induced oxidative stress that can directly cause destruction of cell membrane with subsequent alteration in the metabolic pathways [4]. A significant role is played by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in maintaining degenerative cellular changes that affect a number of major organs in our body like heart, liver, lung, and kidney [5]. Additionally, the mechanism of antioxidant defense system of our body is downregulated during liver injury. Several factors like radiations (e.g. ultraviolet radiation, X-rays etc.), pollutants, and endogenous metabolites are responsible for generation of free radicals in our cells. CCl₄ is considerably applied to induce liver toxicity in a variety of experimental models since it is subsequently suitable agent for inducing human cirrhosis-like effect in animal models [5, 6]. CCL₄-induced hepatic damage is brought through the production of free radicals like CCl₃ • and CCl₃OO• along with cytochrome P450 of liver microsomes. These free radicals are thought to interact with membrane lipids causing their peroxidation [5]. Membrane degeneration of hepatocytes with subsequent generation of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), the marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity, centrilobular necrosis, and steatosis, are the consequences of CCl₄-induced lipid peroxidation [5].

Almost all the allopathic medicines are being used to treat hepatotoxicity in which certain drugs like cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid, spironolactone, loratadine, vasopressin, etc. have side effects including diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, variable response and may cause encephalopathy in severe cases [1, 7]. Due to numerous undesirable effects caused by the modern hepatoprotective drugs in allopathic medical practices, several medicinal plants and their formulations are being extensively used as more trustworthy therapeutics for liver disorders in ethnomedical practices and in traditional medicine system in India, Africa, and elsewhere [8, 9]. These drugs contain phytochemical constituents like phenol, coumarins, monoterpenes, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and xanthenes, which play a noteworthy role in hepatoprotective activity [10]. Four billion people (about 80% of global population) in the developing countries depend on herbal medicinal products to treat many ailments and the use of herbal remedies has enhanced worldwide over recent years [11–14]. In Bangladesh, 85% of the total population live in rural areas [15], and about 80% are dependent on herbal medication for their primary healthcare [16, 17] due to its fewer side effects as well as lower cost [18].

In the traditional medicine, plant extract formulation and combined extract of plants are used as therapeutics rather than single drug. There is a growing awareness in polyherbal formulation to treat various diseases including liver diseases worldwide and a good number of herbal formulations are well accepted for their hepatoprotective effect [19]. About 600 commercially available herbal formulations in the market all over the world that claim to possess hepatoprotective effect [20]. As additional new herbal medicinal products are brought into the market, public health issues and alarms regarding their safety are also extremely demanded. Nevertheless, some herbal formulations are potentially effective for the treatment of various diseases and are comprehensively used while many of them remain untested and their use also not continuously monitored [14]. Thus, the absence of knowledge regarding their potential adverse effects and identification of safe and effective therapies making it complex to evaluate the promotion of their rational use [21]. However, herbal formulations efficacy should be tested by standard investigational methods including in vivo and in vitro studies to support their therapeutic claim. According to previous report, polyherbal formulations demonstrated curative effect on liver diseases and disorders in animal models [22]. Moreover, many plants and natural medicinal products beforehand showed protective effects against CCl4-induced liver toxicity [23–25]. Although there is availability of documents about individual polyherbal formulations, their relative evaluation is not adequately found in the literature.

In the present study, four marketed hepatoprotective polyherbal formulations (PLFs), namely Heptaliv, Holyliv, Icturn, and J-Deenar, marketed in Bangladesh, were selected to evaluate their effect in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxic mice models. The objective of our present study is to evaluate the relative hepatoprotective effects of the above mentioned four polyherbal formulations based on the biochemical parameters and histopathology of the liver. Furthermore, phenobarbital-induced sleeping time (PST) was assessed to explore the physiological function of liver. It was evidenced that phenobarbital is generally metabolized through cytochrome p450 enzyme system in the liver. Drugs/chemicals that inhibit the cytochrome p450 enzyme will extend the duration of phenobarbital-induced sleeping time (PST) and vice versa [26].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Animals

Swiss albino mice (25–30 g, female, source of mice: Pharmacy Department of Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka Bangladesh) were used for the experiments. The animals were accommodated under standard environmental conditions (12 : 12 hr L : D cycle and 25 ± 2°C) with free access to standard food pellets and tap water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. All animals were subjected to euthanasia prior to surgery. The surgical procedure was carried out by anesthesia with 5% isoflurane in the presence of 100% oxygen. Animal handling and care for the present research was maintained according to the guidelines of National Institution of Health (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH publication No: 85–23, revised in 1985). The present protocol was approved by the Biomedical Research Center, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ref. No. BMRC/EC/2016–17/97).

2.2. Drugs and Chemicals

In the present study, four polyherbal hepatoprotective formulations including Heptaliv, Holyliv, Icturn, and J-deenar were randomly selected from the local markets (Table 1). These formulations were selected on the basis of the following claims by their manufacturers: (a) ayurvedic medicine, (b) hepatoprotective activity, and (c) sufficient shelf life. The formulations are also commercially available in liquid forms for easy administration. CCl₄ and phenobarbitone were procured from Merck, Germany, and Sigma Aldrich Chemicals, India, respectively. Rest of the chemical reagents and enzyme assay kits were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

2.3. Dose Calculations of Polyherbal Formulations

The doses of polyherbal formulations (PLFs) for mice were calculated based on clinical doses as mentioned by the guideline of manufacturing company. Dose conversion (human to animal) was done by utilizing a standard conversion table [27]. It was reported that a partial hepatoprotective effects were observed by using 15 ml thrice a day in clinic [28]. The formulations were 1 : 10 diluted before oral administration of mice once daily for seven days. Mice were pretreated with PLFs at the doses of 2.6 ml/kg/day and 5.2 ml/kg/day; per os (p.o.) before CCl₄ challenge.

2.4. Study Design

Animals were divided into 20 groups. Among all the groups, 10 groups (n = 6 mice) were subjected for the evaluation of biochemical and histopathological parameters (Table 2), and another 10 groups (n = 3 mice) were used for measuring phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time (Table 3). Liver injury was induced in mice by administering CCl₄ subcutaneously (s. c.) in the lower abdomen in a suspension of olive oil in the ratio 1 : 1 v/v at the dose of 1 ml CCl₄/kg BW of each animal.

2.5. Measurement of Body Weight Variation

During the experimental period, weights of the mice were recorded on day 0 and on day 9 using a digital weighing balance.

2.6. Blood Collection

Twenty-four hours after CCl₄ administration, blood was collected from mice by cardiac puncture. Cardiac puncture was carried out under general anesthesia with 5% isoflurane in the presence of 100% oxygen. The serum was collected after the blood was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. After blood collection, the animals were sacrificed by isoflurane overdose followed by cervical dislocation.

2.7. Biochemical and Histopathological Parameters (Groups 1–10)

The levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin were tested. Serum bilirubin was determined by using a standard method using alkaline methanolysis of bilirubin followed by chloroform extraction of bilirubin methyl esters [29]. The separation was done by chromatography and spectrophotometric determination at 430 nm [29]. Concentrations of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine transaminase (ALT), and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by standard methods [30, 31]. Liver was excised and stored in 10% formalin fixative solution for histopathological evaluation. The histopathological evaluation was performed in Exim Bank Hospital, Department of histopathology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

2.8. Phenobarbitone-Induced Sleeping Time (Groups 11–20)

After administration of phenobarbitone, the sleeping time (in minutes) of animals was recorded between sleep and rev up time. The present protocol for investigation of sleeping time was slightly altered by administering phenobarbitone in substitution of hexabarbitone [32]. In the present study, varying doses of phenobarbitone were given ranging from 20 to 60 mg/kg, ip. The dose of phenobarbitone used for this study was based on the earlier study by Girish C. [20]. Our preliminary experiments demonstrated that mice showed no sleep at the dose of 20 ml/kg, while prolonged sleeping time (>6 hours) was found at the dose of 60 mg/kg. Thus, 40 mg/kg (ip) dose was chosen to study the phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time (Table 3).

2.9. Statistical Analysis

All data were expressed as Mean ± S.E.M. and represented in tables. The results were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. The differences between the control and treatment groups were tested in 95% significance level (). All statistics have been done using GraphPad Instat version 3.10.

3. Results

3.1. Effect of Polyherbal Hepatoprotective Formulations on the Gain of Body Weight

In the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity method, the body weight of Group 2 was significantly decreased 24 h after CCl₄ injection, but the body weights in Groups 4 to 10 were almost comparable to those in Group 1 (Table 4). Moreover, in the case of phenobarbitone-induced method, the drop in the body weight in the Group 12 was also observed, and Groups 13 to 20 were almost comparable to those in the Group 1 (Table 4).

3.2. Biochemical Assay

In the CCl₄-treated group, the activity of AST (140.30 ± 5.9 IU/L), ALT (168.10 ± 2.9 IU/L), and ALP (34.40 ± 3.1 IU/L) was significantly higher () in comparison to normal control (AST: 50.50 ± 2.3 IU/L, ALT: 30.70 ± 0.8 IU/L, ALP: 10.40 ± 0.5 IU/L). The serum bilirubin level was significantly increased () in the CCl₄-treated group compared to the normal level (3.1 ± 0.10 vs. 0.3 ± 0.01). At the end of the study, the three polyherbal formulations namely Holyliv, Heptaliv, and J-Deenar significantly reduced AST at the higher dose (5.2 ml/kg), whereas Ictrum demonstrated significant reduction in serum AST level at both doses ( and at the doses of 2.6 ml/kg and 5.2 ml/kg, respectively) when compared with the CCl₄ treated group (Table 5). Treatment with Heptaliv, Icturn, and J-Deenar at both doses caused a significant reduction () in the activity of ALT compared to the CCl₄-treated group. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in ALT level () in group treated with Holyliv as compared to the CCl₄-treated control group (Table 5). The groups treated with Heptaliv, Icturn, and J-Deena at the higher dose showed significant reduction in serum ALP level () as compared to the CCl₄-treated control group. Nevertheless, group treated with Holyliv at the both doses showed no significant reduction in serum ALP level as compared to the CCl₄-treated control group (Table 5). There was a significant increase in bilirubin level in group treated with CCl₄ as compared to the normal control group (). However, treatment with the formulations namely Holyliv, Heptaliv, and J-Deenar at dose of 5.2 ml/kg/day for 7 days prior to CCl₄ intoxication showed significant decrease () in level of bilirubin as compared to the CCl₄ control group, while Ictrum demonstrated significant reduction in serum bilirubin level at the both doses ( and at the doses of 2.6 ml/kg and 5.2 ml/kg, respectively) when compared with the CCl₄ treated group (Table 5).

3.3. Effect of CCl₄ and PLFs on Phenobarbitone-Induced Sleeping Time

The CCl₄-induced liver injury directed to an elevation in the period of barbiturate-induced sleeping time (261 ± 5.7 min in normal control vs. 300 ± 13.3 min in the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity group, ). A notable restoration in the phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time () was observed with all the polyherbal drugs at the higher dose. However, the effect of Holyliv-treated groups insignificant at the dose of 2.6 mg/kg (Table 6).

3.4. Histopathological Examination of Liver

While the characteristic architecture of liver tissue was observed with central vein in the healthy control (Figure 1(a)), liver tissue of CCl₄-treated mice showed extensive necrosis, alteration in the array of cells around the central vein, and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells (Figure 1(b)). As shown in Figure 1, pretreatment with low dose of Holyliv and Heptaliv showed insignificant liver protection and numerous inflammatory cells infiltration (Figures 1(c) and 1(e), respectively). However, liver section of mice treated at the higher dose demonstrated moderate inflammatory cells infiltration (Figures 1(d) and 1(f)). On the other hand, pretreatment with low dose of Icturn and J-Deenar showed hepatic protection and moderate inflammatory cell infiltration (Figures 1(g) and 1(i), respectively). When mice were administered at the higher dose of Icturn and J-Deenar, they were found to significantly protect the liver from CCl₄-induced liver damage as confirmed by restoration of a near typical architecture of the liver and minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells (Figures 1(h)and 1(j)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

Figure 1

Histopathological changes in the liver. Each picture is a representative for each group as follows: (a) Normal control, (b) CCl4 control, (c) CCl4+ 2.6 ml/kg/day Holyliv, (d) CCl4+ 5.2 ml/kg/day Holyliv, (e) CCl4+ 2.6 ml/kg/day Heptaliv, (f) CCl4+ 5.2 ml/kg/day Heptaliv, (g) CCl4+ 2.6 ml/kg/day Icturn, (h) CCl4+ 5.2 ml/kg/day Icturn, (i) CCl4+ 2.6 ml/kg/day J-Deenar, (j) CCl4+ 5.2 ml/kg/day J-Deenar. Each group was assessed at 400X magnification, Scale bar: 40 μm. CV = central vain, black arrow pointed the infiltration of inflammatory cells (IC).

4. Discussion

Our present study has evaluated hepatoprotective effects of four commercially available PLFs from Bangladesh market in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxic mouse model. The results demonstrated that Icturn and J-Deenar at the higher dose (5.2 ml/kg/day) had better hepatoprotective effects than other PLFs. They could significantly restore level of serum biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin) in mice treated with CCl₄ to the level of normal mice.

Administration of CCl₄ causes hepatopathy along with the significant elevation in AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin in serum as compared with normal mice [33]. CCl₄ is metabolized by the liver into highly reactive metabolites which either directly or indirectly cause lipid peroxidation of the hepatocytes [34]. Consistent lipid peroxidation causes cytosolic liver enzymes leak out of the swollen and necrotic hepatocytes into circulation. The elevated levels of enzymes and bilirubin are closely correlated to liver damages manifested by immense centrilobular necrosis, ballooning, degeneration and cellular infiltration of the liver [35]. Especially, ALT has been reported to be a precise marker of liver damage due to toxic drugs, alcohol and viral infection [36].

Icturn, a well-known commercial hepatoprotective PLF in Bangladesh, has been used as an effective treatment in liver diseases. Pretreatment with Icturn prevented the rise in liver enzyme parameters and kept them to near normal level when administered at 5.2 ml/kg BW/d dose in CCl₄-induced hepatoxic mice. This may result from the effect of Icturn on the stabilization of plasma membrane as well as the repair of hepatic tissue damage caused by CCl₄ toxicity. A previous study has demonstrated that PLFs have hepatoprotective activity like an active compound silymarin, a flavonolignan from Silybum marianum [28]. The protective functions of Icturn and J-Deenar as observed in the present study are in line with that study. Other formulations also showed appreciable activity, but the magnitude of effect was inferior to Icturn and J-Deenar. Moreover, Icturn was able to reduce the levels of enzymes more significantly indicating that it was more protective to hepatocytes and maintained normal liver physiology and also cause stabilization of plasma membrane and regeneration of damaged liver cells. The authors found that all the polyherbal formulation prevents the rise in ALT level except Holyliv formulation that might be attributed to the presence of xenobiotic(s) that instigated leakage of the enzyme into the blood via altered membrane permeability. No significant differences were observed when we compared with the protective effect of Icturn with that of J-Deenar.

Phenobarbitone is a hypnotic drug that is metabolized generally in liver. When it is given in mice that have damaged liver caused by CCl₄ administration, it will cause longer mean duration of sleeping time as compared with mice with normal liver functions. Barbiturate will be poorly metabolized as a consequence of hepatic damage, which decreases in cytochrome P450s-mediated metabolic functional activity [20, 26]. Our resent study demonstrated that pretreatment with hepatoprotective PLFs prevented the changes of phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time in CCl₄-treated mice. The results suggested that cytochrome P450s, which is the most critical xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme system in liver, are preserved by PLFs pretreatment in CCL₄-challenged mice. It will be worthwhile to study the mechanisms how these PLFs protect cytochrome P450 in liver of CCl₄-challenged mice.

Our histological study revealed that CCl₄ treatment produced various changes in mouse hepatocytes, including centrizonal necrosis, cell inflammation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Pretreatment with Icturn and J-Deenar could prevent CCl₄-induced changes in the hepatic structural design and protected the liver tissue from necrosis and degeneration (Figure 1). We speculate that PLFs generate hepatoprotective effects by preventing the toxic chemical reactions, which consequently generate oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and molecular changes that ultimately lead to liver tissue damages. Our data suggest that the hepatoprotective drugs may play a role in regeneration process, fibrosis prevention, or nodules formation, which may be expressed in the long-term use of the drug [37]. The improvement in histopathological findings with hepatoprotective PLFs was also found to be associated with the improvement in biochemical parameters.

Our study demonstrated a comparative investigation on possible use of four commercial polyherbal formulations of Bangladesh for the prevention of liver injury. Finally, our findings revealed that Icturn and J-Deenar at the higher dose had better hepatoprotective effects than other PLFs. However, the mechanism in relation to hepatoprotective effects needs to be investigated further under various preclinical conditions.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, our study clearly demonstrated that PLFs Icturn and J-Deenar were the most effective in liver protection in CCL₄-challenged mouse model, justifying their use as hepatoprotective agents in clinic. The efficacy of Heptaliv and Holyliv was low, and a dose adjustment may be necessary for their use in traditional medicine for human liver diseases.

Abbreviations

CCL₄:	Carbon tetrachloride
ROS:	Reactive oxygen species
PLFs:	Polyherbal formulations
AST:	Aspartate transaminase
ALT:	Alanine transaminase
ALP:	Alkaline phosphatase.

Data Availability

The data are all included within the paper.

Ethical Approval

All experimental procedures were approved by the Biomedical Research Center, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ref. No. BMRC/EC/2016–17/97).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

RB and SAP made significant contributions to conception design and conduction of research. RB and SAP performed all the experiments. Data collection, statistical analysis, graphical representation, and interpretation were done by RB and SAP. The article was written by RB, SAP, HW, and RK. Critical revision of the article was done by RB, RK, MMB, TB, HW, NM, PRD, MRI, and MSR. RB and MSR shared the correspondence equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Copyright © 2022 Rayhana Begum et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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