Ethnopharmacology, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: A Review

Table 2

Compounds reported from Z. spina.

Compounds	Technique(s)	Quantity (%/μg/g DW)	Plant part (s)	References
Cyclopeptides
Mauritine F	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
Sanjonine F
Sanjonine B
Lotusanine A/frangulanine
Jubanine C
Adouetine Z
Scutianine A
Oxyphyline A	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
	HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLC-PDA-(HRMS)-SPE-NMR		Stem bark	[167]
Spinanine-A	MS, UV, IR		Stem bark	[169]
Mauritine A	MS, IR, PMR, co-TLC, and optical rotation		Bark	[170]
Mauritine C
Amphibine F
Amphibine E
Amphibine A
Saponins
Christinin A	MS, IR, and NMR		Leaves	[171]
Christinin C
Christinin D
Christinin B	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS, IR, and NMR		Leaves	[2, 171]
Christinin A/C
Christinin A2	NMR and HRESIMS/UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2, 172]
Jujubogenin-3-O-(di-deoxyhexosyl)-hexoside	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
Jujubasaponin II/III isomer
Polyphenols
3′,5′-di-C-β-glucosylphloretine	NMR and HRESIMS		Leaves	[172]
	HPLC–PDA–MS and NMR		Fruits	[173]
Hexaacetyl (+)-gallocatechin	NMR		Leaves	[174]
Hexaacetyl (-)-epigallocatechin
Kaempferol 3-O-robinobioside	NMR and HRESIMS		Leaves	[172]
	HPLC-PDA-MS and NMR		Fruits	[173]
Rutin	HPLC/LC-MS/MS/UV and NMR		Leaves	[29, 48, 175]
Spinosin	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
Ellagic acid
Isoquercetrin
Apigenin
Kaempferol
Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside	NMR and HRESIMS		Leaves	[172]
	HPLC-PDA-MS and NMR		Fruits	[173]
Gallocatechin	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
Epigallocatechin	NMR and HRESIMS			[172]
Quercetin 3-O-α-arabinosyl-(1⟶2)-α-rhamnoside	NMR, HRESIMS/HPLC-PDA-MS, and NMR		Leaves	[172]
			Fruits	[173]
Quercetin 3-O-β-xylopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-α-rhamnopyranoside 4ʹ-O-α-rhamnopyranoside	NMR and HRESIMS		Leaves	[172]
Quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 6)-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-β-galactopyranoside
Prodelphinidin
Quercetin 3-O-robinobioside	HPLC-PDA-MS and NMR		Fruits	[173]
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-xylosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-a-L-rhamnoside
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactoside
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-xylosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-a-L-rhamnoside-4ʹ-O-a-L-rhamnoside
Naringenin-6,8-di-C-hexoside	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
Quercetin-3-O-[(2-hexosyl)-6-rhamnosyl]-hexoside
(Epi)catechin-di-C-hexoside
Quercetin-3-O-robinoside
Bayarin
Quercetin-3-O-hexoside
Quercetin-3-O-(2-pentosyl-rhamnoside)-4′-O-rhamnoside
Quercetin-3-O-(4-O-p-coumaroyl)-2-rhamnosyl-[6-rhamnosyl]-galactoside
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS, HPLC-PDA-MS, and NMR		Leaves	[2]
			Fruits	[173]
Quercetin 3-xylosyl-(1⟶2) rhamnoside-4′-rhamnoside	UV and NMR		Leaves	[175]
Quercitrin
Gallic acid	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	5.09 ± 1.23	Pulp	[176]
		13.38 ± 1.66	Seed
		3.00 ± 0.84	Almond
Catechin	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	1.28 ± 1.66	Pulp	[176]
		10.98 ± 2.78	Seed
Procyanidin B2	HPLC-DAD	63.22 ± 10.21	Pulp	[176]
		425.44 ± 11.35	Seed
Chlorogenic acid	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	33.80 ± 2.66	Pulp	[176]
		15.0 ± 4.88	Seed
		8.0 ± 1.77	Almond
Cyanidin-3-galactosidase	HPLC-DAD	36.77 ± 4.12	Pulp	[176]
		131.78 ± 12.78	Seed
		22.85 ± 2.60	Almond
Caffeic acid	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	52.19 ± 17.02	Pulp	[176]
		576.33 ± 23.19	Seed
		2.78 ± 0.92	Almond
Anthocyanin	HPLC-DAD	1.27 ± 0.78	Pulp	[176]
		586.09 ± 34.77	Seed
Epicatechin	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	11.33 ± 1.56	Pulp	[176]
		73.66 ± 12.66	Seed
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside	HPLC-DAD	10.27 ± 0.80	Pulp	[176]
		43.88 ± 15.03	Seed
p-Hydrobenzoic acid	HPLC-DAD	113.45 ± 11.30	Seed	[176]
Vanillic acid		13.79 ± 1.09
Syringic acid	HPLC		Leaves	[48]
	HPLC-DAD	269.55 ± 22.89	Pulp	[176]
		210.04 ± 28.66	Seed
Ferulic acid	HPLC-DAD	125.22 ± 11.67	Pulp	[176]
Sinapic acid	HPLC-DAD	171.88 ± 31.02	Pulp	[176]
		119.78 ± 10.55	Seed
		185.67 ± 12.67	Almond
Naringin	HPLC-DAD	1.23 ± 0.12	Pulp	[176]
		2.78 ± 0.78	Seed
Rosmarinic acid	HPLC-DAD	222.18 ± 34.89	Pulp	[176]
		560.08 ± 35.28	Seed
Hyperin	UV and NMR		Leaves	[175]
	HPLC-DAD	1.18 ± 0.19	Pulp	[176]
		2.11 ± 0.73	Seed
Avicularoside	HPLC-DAD	19.23 ± 1.37	Seed	[176]
Resveratrol	HPLC-DAD	19.33 ± 4.86	Pulp	[176]
		22.60 ± 2.82	Seed
Quercetin	HPLC/NMR and HRESIMS		Leaves	[48, 172]
	HPLC-DAD	25.08 ± 1.83	Pulp	[176]
		31.78 ± 6.88	Seed
Volatile compounds
α-Sitosterol	GC-MS	5.63	Leaves	[119]
5-Phenylundecane	GC-MS	10.88	Fruits	[25]
4-Phenylundecane		5.97
3-Phenylundecane		5.41
2-Phenylundecane		8.39
6-Phenyldodecane		14.90
4-Phenyldodecane		5.51
3-Phenyldodecane		4.67
2-Phenyldodecane		5.41
6-Phenyltridecane		11.38
2-Phenyltridecane		4.06
Phytol	GC-MS	16.17	Leaves	[142]
Palmitic acid		24.66
Oleic acid, omega 9		11.12
Palmitoleic acid, methyl ester	GC-MS	4.84	Leaves	[142]
7-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	GC-MS, IR	19.63	Seeds	[177]
Methyl stearate		28.11
Cis-11-eicosenoic acid, methyl ester		16.97
Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester		4.97
Docosanoic acid, methyl ester		10.76
		8.60
Geranyl acetone	GC and GC-MS	14.0	Leaves	[178]
Methyl hexadecanoate		10.0
Methyl octadecenoate		9.9
Farnesyl acetone		9.9
Hexadecanol		9.7
Ethyl octadecenoate		8.0
Ethyl hexadecanoate		4.3
Trihydroxy-octadecadienoic acid	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
Dihydroxydodecadienoic acid
Trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid
Amino-hexadecanediol
Amino-methyl; heptadecantriol
2-Amino-1,3-octadecanediol
Octadecatetraenoic acid
Triterpenic acid
Oleanonic acid/bitulonic acid	UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS		Leaves	[2]
Ceanothic acid
Ceanothic acid isomer
3-o-z-p-coumaroylalphitolic acid/3-o-z-p-coumaroylmaslinic acid
Betulinic acid
Alphitolic acid/maslinic acid
Zizyberanalic acid/pomonic acid
Other compounds
Phloretin 3′/5′ di-c-galactoside	LC/ESI/MS		Fruits	[179]
Phloretin 3′-c-glucoside 5′-c-galactoside
Cis-5-o-p-coumaroylquinic acid
Diosmetin 3′-c-galactoside 7-o-rutinoside
Diosmetin 3′-o-glucoside 7-o-rutinoside
Trans-5-o-caffeoylquinic acid
Trans-5-o-p-coumaroylquinic acid