Polymer Processing under Microwaves

Table 2

Systems used to heat polymers in solution.

Solvent	The used frequency (GHz)	Dielectric constants of the solvent at the used frequency		Dissolved/dispersed polymer	Temperature reached by microwave heating (°C)
		Water	2.45			76.0 at 25 °C [78]	0.158 at 25°C [78]	Cellulose	100-260 [79]
Polyhydroxybutyrate	150 [80]
Poly(vinyl alcohol)	100 [81]
Ethylene glycol	2.45	13.9 at 25 °C [82]	1.150 at 25°C [82]	Poly(vinyl alcohol)	~197 [83]
Ethanol	2.45	8.91 at 30 °C [84]	0.898 at 30°C [84]	Polyhydroxybutyrate	140 [85]
Methanol	2.45	24.02 at 30°C [84]	0.522 at 30°C [84]	Polyhydroxybutyrate	110 [85]
Toluene	2.45	2.4 at 25 °C [86]	0.04 at 25°C [86]	Poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)	220 [85]