Betaine Modulates Rumen Archaeal Community and Functioning during Heat and Osmotic Stress Conditions In Vitro

Figure 1

Principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) for beta-diversity of ruminal archaea in the liquid phase of the incubation content of fermenters, under the effects of (a) temperature (red squares: 39.5°C; blue circles: 42°C), (b) osmolality¹ (blue circles: normal; red squares: osmotic stress), and (c) betaine supplementation² (red squares: control; orange triangles: low; blue circles: high). The first 3 components were plotted and in total principle component explained 69.74% of the total variation (, , and , respectively). ¹; . ²Betaine levels: control (0), low (51), and high (286) ppm.

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