Betaine Modulates Rumen Archaeal Community and Functioning during Heat and Osmotic Stress Conditions In Vitro
Table 2
Fermentation gas parameters and energy connected with methane.
Parameters
Osmolality8
Temperature (°C)
Betaine9
value$
Normal
Hyper
SE
39.5
42
SE
Control
Low
High
SE
Osmo.
Temp.
Betaine
CH4 production (mL/d)
87.3
49.3
18.98
66.7
69.9
1.62
50.6c
60.1b
94.2a
13.23
<0.0001
0.2362
<0.0001
CO2 production (mL/d)
423.8
277.7
73.06
346.3
355.3
4.48
328.0b
341.3b
383.0a
16.58
<0.0001
0.4607
0.0013
Total fermentation gas1 (mL/d)
550.3
365.5
92.36
450.6
465.2
7.33
418.6b
438.2b
516.9a
30.05
<0.0001
0.3361
<0.0001
CH4 (% of total gas)
15.6
12.8
1.42
14.1
14.3
0.12
11.6c
13.2b
17.8a
1.87
<0.0001
0.432
<0.0001
CO2 (% of total gas)
77.2
76.0
0.63
76.9
76.3
0.28
77.8a
77.9a
74.1b
1.25
0.1106
0.474
<0.0001
Methane formation based on nutrient fermentation (mL/g degraded)
CH4/g OM
13.5
7.9
2.82
10.7
10.7
0.00
7.8c
9.5b
14.8a
2.11
<0.0001
0.998
<0.0001
CH4/g DM
12.2
7.1
2.56
9.7
9.7
0.01
7.0c
8.6b
13.4a
1.91
<0.0001
0.976
<0.0001
MCR (%GE intake)2
1.63
0.92
0.354
1.24
1.30
0.03
0.94c
1.12b
1.75a
0.246
<0.0001
0.234
<0.0001
Metabolic hydrogen [2H] (mmol/d)
Acetate produced
59.9
50.3
4.77
53.9
56.3
1.17
52.0b
55.5a
57.8a
1.68
<0.0001
0.058
0.0012
Butyrate produced3
20.8
21.3
0.26
21.1
20.9
0.09
20.5
21.1
21.5
0.30
0.4741
0.797
0.4898
Caproate produced
3.76
2.99
0.386
3.02
3.74
0.36
3.60
3.37
3.17
0.125
0.1171
0.142
0.7688
Propionate utilized
16.4
16.7
0.16
17.6
15.5
1.05
15.7
16.8
17.0
0.42
0.6826
0.008
0.314
Valerate utilized
3.23
2.75
0.241
2.77
3.20
0.21
3.01
3.01
2.94
0.023
0.0072
0.016
0.9305
Caproate utilized
7.5
6.0
0.77
6.0
7.5
0.72
7.2
6.7
6.3
0.25
0.1166
0.143
0.7679
CH4 utilized
13.8
7.8
3.00
10.5
11.1
0.26
8.0c
9.5b
14.9a
2.09
<0.0001
0.235
<0.0001
Metabolic hydrogen [2H] balance (mmol/d)
Production (pathway 1)4
80.6
71.6
4.5
75.0
77.2
1.07
72.4
76.6
79.3
1.9
<0.0001
0.14
0.001
Utilization (pathway 1)
40.9
33.2
3.85
36.9
37.2
0.14
33.9
36.1
41.2
2.16
<0.0001
0.72
<0.0001
Gain (pathway 1)6
39.7
38.4
0.65
38.1
40.0
0.94
38.5
40.5
38.1
0.72
0.46
0.29
0.51
Recovery% (pathway 1)7
51.2
47.2
1.99
49.7
48.7
0.46
47.4
47.7
52.4
1.6
0.01
0.54
0.01
Production (pathway 2)5
84.4
74.6
4.89
78.0
80.9
1.43
76.0
79.9
82.4
1.86
<0.0001
0.06
0.003
Utilization (pathway 2)
33.4
27.2
3.08
30.9
29.7
0.57
26.7
29.4
34.8
2.40
<0.0001
0.10
<0.0001
Gain (pathway 2)6
51.0
47.4
1.81
47.1
51.1
2.01
49.3
50.6
47.6
0.86
0.04
0.02
0.40
Recovery% (pathway 2)7
39.9
36.8
1.53
39.8
36.9
1.43
35.3
37.2
42.5
2.15
0.01
0.02
<0.0001
1.2Methane conversion rate. 3.4Propanyl CoA as intermediate in caproate formation. 5Acetyl CoA as intermediate in caproate formation. 6.7.8;.9Betaine levels: control (0), low (51), and high (286) ppm. Standard error. $ value tests the fixed effect of osmolality (), temperature (), and betaine addition (). Significance: .