Comparative Triceps Surae Morphology in Primates: A Review

Table 2

Relative muscle weight of TS muscles for selected species.

Species (N) Muscle	Relative weight as a percentage of total triceps surae mass	Reference
Homo sapiens (10)
LGa	15.63	[67]
MGa	25.77	[67]
Soleus	57.05	[67]
Plantaris	1.55	[67]
Pan paniscus (3)
LGa	19.62	[122, 123]
MGa	28.51	[122, 123]
Soleus	49.84	[122, 123]
Plantaris	2.03	[122, 123]
Gorilla gorilla (3)
LGa	20.44	[122]
MGa	32.25	[122]
Soleus	47.30	[122]
Plantaris	NP	[122]
Pongo pygmaeus (2)
LGa	19.99	[122]
MGa	34.54	[122]
Soleus	45.47	[122]
Plantaris	NP	[122]
Pan troglodytes (3)
LGa	19.13	[124, 125]
MGa	31.54	[124, 125]
Soleus	48.60	[124, 125]
Plantaris	0.73	[124, 125]
Hylobates lar (3)
LGa	26.74	[122, 123]
MGa	36.78	[122, 123]
Soleus	29.46	[123, 126]
Plantaris	7.01	[122, 123]
Papio spp. (4)*
Ga	59.35	[127]
Soleus	29.13	[127]
Plantaris	11.51	[127]
Macaca fascicularis (6)
LGa	35.84	[63, 67, 111]
MGa	30.06	[63, 67, 111]
Soleus	23.83	[63, 67, 111]
Plantaris	10.27	[63, 67, 111]
Alouatta palliata (4)
Ga	54.50	[63]
Soleus	45.50	[63]
Plantaris	NP	[63]
Alouatta caraya (2)
Ga	54.36	[128]
Soleus	45.64	[128]
Plantaris	Variably present	[128]
Propithecus verreauxi (1)
Ga	70.75	[129]
Soleus	10.20	[129]
Plantaris	19.05	[129]
Avahi laniger (1)
Ga	72.31	[129]
Soleus	9.09	[129]
Plantaris	18.60	[129]
Varecia variegata (1)
Ga	65.82	[129]
Soleus	18.99	[129]
Plantaris	15.19	[129]
Microcebus murinus (1)
Ga	70.37	[99]
Soleus	18.52	[99]
Plantaris	11.11	[99]
Galagoides demidovii (3)
Ga	60.0	[99]
Soleus	17.14	[99]
Plantaris	22.86	[99]
Galago senegalensis (1)
Ga	71.11	[129]
Soleus	8.89	[129]
Plantaris	20.00	[129]
Tarsius syrichta (1)
Ga	61.29	[129]
Soleus	19.35	[129]
Plantaris	19.35	[129]
Galago moholi (3)
Ga	67.71	[99]
Soleus	13.54	[99]
Plantaris	18.75	[99]
Otolemur crassicaudatus (7)
Ga	54.43	[99]
Soleus	22.28	[99]
Plantaris	23.28	[99]
Nycticebus coucang (9)
Ga	33.83	[99, 130]
Soleus	59.42	[99, 130]
Plantaris	6.74	[99, 130]
Nycticebus pygmaeus (2)
Ga	38.98	[99]
Soleus	55.93	[99]
Plantaris	5.08	[99]
Rattus norvegicus (6)
Ga	78.42	[131]
Soleus	6.55	[131]
Plantaris	15.02	[131]
Mus musculus (19)
LGa	42.38	[114, 118]
MGa	40.80	[114, 118]
Soleus	7.86	[114, 118]
Plantaris	10.98	[114, 118]
Oryctolagus cuniculus (6)
LGa	41.25	[118]
MGa	25.63	[118]
Soleus	8.12	[118]
Plantaris	25.01	[118]
Lepus europaeus (8)
LGa	28.32	[132]
MGa	31.86	[132]
Soleus	7.52	[132]
Plantaris	32.30	[132]
Canis familiaris (6)
LGa	29.34	[132]
MGa	32.35	[132]
Plantaris	38.31	[132]
Equus caballus (7)
LGa	46.38	[133]
MGa	46.90	[133]
Soleus	0.34	[133]
Plantaris	6.37	[133]
Loxodonta africana (4)
LGa	15.35	[134]
MGa	41.96	[134]
Soleus	22.65	[134]
Plantaris	20.05	[134]
Ursus maritimus (1)
Ga	40	[112]
Soleus	30	[112]
Plantaris	30	[112]

* The baboon sample consists of 2 Papio anubis and 2 Papio hamadryas [127].