Anatomical Correlates to Nectar Feeding among the Strepsirrhines of Madagascar: Implications for Interpreting the Fossil Record

Table 1

Descriptive data for species in this study and mean values for nine cranial measurements associated with nondestructive nectar feeding.

Species	𝑁	KG^1	Diet^2*	Flower^3	Flower feeder^4*	Cranial^5						Mandibular^6				Dental^7
						TMS	TSL	TPL	MPW	MSW		TDL	CPH	DD		MTR	MA
Avahi sp.	5	1.03	FL		D	14.7	53.4	18.9	16.6	21.4		35.5	25.6	11.1		19.1	9.7
Hapalemur griseus	13	0.83	FL		D	20.8	64.9	26.1	21.1	21.2		44.8	28.2	7.91		24.6	14.1
Indri indri	8	6.33	FL		D	25.7	100	37.8	28.7	35.1		69.9	47.3	14.8		36.1	27.9
Cheirogaleus major	2	0.36	OM		𝑌(ND)	22.3	55	23.8	18.2	13.9		36.3	20.4	5.96		18.3	7.3
Cheirogaleus medius	5	0.19	OM	Ceiba pentandra	𝑌(UN)	16.2	44.8	18.5	14.5	13.2		28.9	14.6	4.55		13.8	4.9
				Rhodocolea nycteriphilla
Eulemur coronatus	10	1.30	FR		D	19.6	79.2	31.8	23	26.3		51.4	23.5	6.75		29	14.7
Eulemur fulvus	58	2.03	FR	Sterculiacea sp.	D	22.7	89.4	38.3	26.3	28.5		59.3	26.9	8.03		33.8	15.2
				Ravensara sp.
				Slonea rhodantha
Eulemur macaco	12	2.13	FR	Parkia madagascariensis	𝑌(ND)	23	90.9	39.4	28	29.4		60.4	27.4	9.17		33.5	12.8
				Ravenala madagascariensis
Eulemur mongoz	4	1.55	FR	Ceiba pentandra	𝑌(ND)	19.7	83.6	34	25.1	29.0		55.7	25.5	7.55		30.8	12.74
				Fernandoa madagascariensis
				Hura crepitans
				Combretum phaneropetalum
				Sterculiacea sp.	𝑌(ND)	24.6	86.4	37	27.6	28.0		58.6	28.5	8.92		32.8	14.4
Eulemur rubriventer	5	1.96	FR	Ravensara sp.
				Slonea rhodantha
Lemur catta	25	2.21	OM		D	18.6	84.1	34.4	25.2	30.7		55.7	24.4	7.6		30.8	15.4
Lepilemur mustelinus	23	1.17	FL	Alluaudia ascendens	D	15.6	52.3	18.8	16.8	18.9		35.3	17.9	5.89		19.9	10.2
				Alluaudia procera
				Delonix floribunda	𝑌(UN)	7.95	31.7	11.9	9.47	11.9		18.5	9.73	2.98		9.26	2.5
				Rhodocolea nycteriphilla
				Ceiba pentandra
Microcebus murinus	20	0.09	OM	Brexia madagascariensis
				Rubus roridus
				Uapaca sp.
				Vaccinium emirnense
Microcebus rufus	4	0.07	OM		𝑌(UN)	7.22	32.3	12.6	9.45	13.7		18.3	9.2	2.37		9.55	2.9
Mirza coquereli	5	0.31	OM	Parkia madagascariensis	𝑌(UN)	13.7	52.7	23.4	17.1	18.4		31.4	15.9	4.37		17.1	6.2
Phaner furcifer	5	0.46	GUM	Crateva greveana	𝑌(UN)	27.2	54.9	22.0	14.6	19.2		31.3	13.4	5.05		14.9	3.8
				Adansonia sp.
Propithecus diadema	5	6.10	FL		D	14.0	90.2	33.5	28.8	34.8		63.1	40.8	18.2		31.8	28.8
Propithecus verreauxi	21	3.10	FL		D	24.5	81.1	32.5	25.2	30.7		57.5	40.8	15.5		29.8	21.3
Varecia variegata	20	3.50	FR	Ravenala madagascariensis	𝑌(ND)	24.2	105.0	47.8	32.2	33.7		72.0	30.8	8.59		40.4	17.6
				Labramia costata

¹KG: body mass in kilograms.
²Primary dietary categories: FR: frugivore, FL: folivore, OM: omnivore,GUM: gumnivore.
³Genus (and species in some instances) of the flower that each Malagasy strepsirrhine uses most heavily.
⁴Nectivory type: destructive to other flower parts (D), nondestructive (ND), or unknown (UN).
⁵Cranial variables used in this study: TMS: temporalis muscle size, TSL: total skull length, TPL: total palate length, MPW: maximum palate width, MSW: maximum skull width.
⁶Mandibular variables used in this study: TDL: total dentary length, CPH: coronoid process height, DD: dentary depth.
⁷Dental variables used in this study: MTR: maximum tooth row length, MA: upper second molar area.
*[38, 40, 42, 43, 47, 59–66].