Hip Anatomy and Ontogeny of Lower Limb Musculature in Three Species of Nonhuman Primates

Table 1

Muscle group mass (g) averages and ratios of hind limb musculature in adult and infant C. medius and G. moholi.

Muscle group^1	C. medius			G. moholi
	Adults	Infants		Adults	Infants
	𝑛=4	𝑛=5	Ratio^1	𝑛=4	𝑛=4	Ratio
	Average	Average	Average	Average	Average	Average
	(range)	(range)	(range)	(range)	(range)	(range)
Iliopsoas	0.38	0.004^2	100.0	0.35	0.013	26.9
	(0.25–0.50)		(65.8–131.6)	(0.21–0.46)	(0.0130–0.0132)	(15.9–35.4)
Gluteals^3	0.86	0.0125	68.8	0.65	0.020	32.5
	(0.41–1.21)	(0.005–0.019)	(21.6–242.0)	(0.43–0.86)	(0.016–0.023)	(18.7–53.8)
Small Hip Lat. Rotators	0.17	—	—	0.25	0.007	35.7
	(0.07–0.30)	—	—	(0.12–0.40)	(0.005–0.009)	(13.3–80.0)
hamstrings	0.98	0.011	89.0	1.35	0.040	33.8
	(0.31–1.58)	(0.005–0.014)	(21.8–343.7)	(0.52–1.92)	(0.025–0.055)	(9.40–76.6)
sartorius	0.14	0.002	70.0	0.50	0.008	62.5
	(0.11–0.18)	(0.001–0.003)	(33.2–361.0)	(0.03–1.70)	(0.006–0.011)	(2.5–267.3)
quadriceps	1.18	0.017	69.4	5.48	0.109	50.3
	(0.47–1.57)	(0.013–0.023)	(21.0–119.7)	(4.44–6.00)	(0.085–0.124)	(35.8–70.4)
hip adductors	0.68	0.008	85.0	0.98	0.018	54.4
	(0.28–1.26)	(0.003–0.013)	(22.6–369.6)	(0.46–1.83)	(0.017–0.019)	(24.8–106.1)
superficial ankle flexors	0.40	0.010	40.0	0.63	0.019	33.2
	(0.19–0.57)	(0.005–0.016)	(12.0–123.8)	(0.50–0.92)	(0.013–0.025)	(20.0–69.4)
deep ankle flexors	0.45	0.006	75.0	0.41	0.018	22.8
	(0.32–0.65)	(0.003–0.008)	(42.4–215.8)	(0.33–0.49)	(0.006–0.023)	(14.5–76.3)
anterior comp. leg	0.44	0.005	88.0	0.37	0.013	28.5
	(0.28–0.81)	(0.003–0.010)	(27.2–269.0)	(0.20–0.59)	(0.005–0.020)	(10.2–128.3)
lateral comp. leg	0.27	0.003	90.0	0.26	0.008	32.5
	(0.15–0.39)	(0.001–0.050)	(30.2–394.0)	(0.21–0.34)	(0.007–0.013)	(15.6–48.1)
Body mass^4	156	12	13	180	13.4	13.4

¹Average adult mm mass/average infant mm mass.
²This muscle could be reliably removed in only a single perinatal specimen of C. medius.
³gluteals: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gluteus superficialis ant., tensor fasciae femoris, iliopsoas; hamstrings: flexor cruris lateralis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus; quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis; adductors: pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus (presemimembranosus*), gracilis; anterior compartment leg: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, abductor hallucis longus*; superficial flexors: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris; deep flexors: peroneotibialis, flexor fibularis, tibialis posterior, flexor tibialis; lateral compartment: peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, peroneus digiti quarti, peroneus digiti quinti,* (*, if present).
⁴ data from Kappeler and Pereira [23].