Geographic and ethnic Materials No. of teeth
) Root anatomy Root canal anatomy Root canal configuration (Vertucci) Apical foramina References 1 root 2 roots >2 roots 1 canal 2 canals >2 canals C-shaped Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI Type VII Type VIII Others types 1 2 3 Caucasian France In vitro: radiograph and sectioning 341 90.6% (309) 6.4% (22) 3% (10) 68.9% (235) 31.1% (106) 0% 0% Geider et al. [4 ], 1989 Germany In vitro: examination 2369 99.3% (2352) 0.7% (17) 0%
Schulze. [5 ], 1970 Poland In vitro: extraction and RCT 83 89.3% (74) 10.7% (9) 0% 0% Rózyło et al. [6 ], 2008 USA In vitro: clearing 400 100% (400) 0% 0% 70% (280) 25% (100) 5% (20) 0% 70% (280) 0% 4% (16) 1.5% (6) 24% (96) 0% 0% 0% 0% 74% (296) 26% (104) 0% Vertucci [7 ], 1894 In vivo: radiographic examination 1002 81.8% (820) 18.2% (182) 0% 0% Sabala et al. [8 ], 1994 In vitro: grinding and examination under magnification 50 86% (43) 14% 0% 0% 90% (45) 10% (5) 0% Green [9 ], 1973 In vitro: sectioning 106 74% (78) 26% (28) 0% 14% 76% (80) 0% 0% 24% (26) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 76% (80) 24% (26) 0% Baisden et al. [10 ], 1992 In vitro: sectioning 32 100% (32) 0% 0% 35.5% (12) 62.5% (20) 0% 0% Barrett. [11 ], 1925 Extraction and radiograph 1287 66.9% 32.7% 0.4% (5) 0% 80.7% (1039) 19.3% (248) 0% Zillich and Dowson [12 ], 1973 In vitro: radiographs 156 95.5% (149) 4.5% 0% 0%
Mueller et al. [13 ], 1933 In vivo: radiographic examination 400 94.5% (378) 5.5% (22) 0% 86.3% (345) 13.7% (55) 0% 0% Trope et al. [14 ], 1986 Subgroup Ethnic Incidence 6226 96.88% (3471) 2.52% (61) 0.6% (10) 75.42% (2586) 23.84% (935) 0.54% (25) 1.4% (15) 73% (360) 2% (16) 12.75 (32) 12% (96) 80% (1490) 20% (383) African African American In vivo: 400 83.8% (335) 16.2% (65) 0% 67.2% (269) 32.8% (131) 0% 0%
Zillich and Dowson [12 ], 1973 Senegalese In vivo: 412 81.3% (335) 15.1% (62) 3.6% (15) 0% Mbaye et al. [15 ], 2008 Subgroup Ethnic Incidence 812 83.8% (335) 16.2% (65) 74% (604) 23.95% (193) 1.8% (15) Indian India In vitro: SCT 100 80% (80) 11% 0% 2% 80% (80) 9% 3% 2% 4% 0% 0% 0% 2% 94% (94) 6% 0% Sandhya et al. [16 ], 2010 In vivo: radiographic examination 1000 95.9% (959) 3.9% (39) 0.2% (2) 75.4% (754) 1% (10) 0% 20.8% (208) 2.4% (24) 0% 0% 0.4% 0% 76.4% (764) 23.2% (232) 0.4% (4) Iyer et al. [17 ], 2006 In vitro: clearing 100 72% (72) 27% (27) 0% 1% 72% (72) 6% 3% 10% (10) 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 82% (82) 18% (18) 0% Velmurugan and Sandhya [18 ], 2009 In vitro: clearing 40 50% (20) 50% (20) 0% 0% 50% (20) 5% 5% 25% (10) 12.5% (5) 2.5% (1) 0% 0% 0% 82% (82) 18% (18) 0% Parekh et al. [19 ], 2011 In vitro: clearing 138 97.1% (134) 2.89% (4) 0% 67% (92) 33% (46) 0% 0% 67.4% (92) 8% 3.7% (5) 3.9% (5) 17.4% (24) 0.7% (1) 0% 0% 0% 77.8% (107) 22.2% (31) 0% Jain and Bahuguna [20 ], 2011 In vitro: SCT 112 96.4% (108) 3.4% (4) 0% 70.5% 29.5% 0% 10.7% 80% 9% 3% 2% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 98% (110) 2% 0%
V. K. Sikri and P. Sikri [21 ], 1994 Subgroup Ethnic Incidence 1490 96.47% (1201) 3.4% (47) 0.07% (2) 68% (343) 30% (137) 0% 3% (15) 71% (1108) 6% (48) 3% (16) 11% (237) 8% (69) 0.53% (2) 0.06% (4) 0.33 (2) 85% (1239) 15% (307) 0.07% (4) Mongoloid China In vitro: radiographs 100 64% (64) 34% (34) 2% 0% 78% (78) 6%` 6% 10% (10) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 90% (90) 10% (10) 0% Walker [22 ], 1988 In vitro: radiograph and sectioning 82 54% (44) 46% (38) 0% 0% Lu et al. [23 ], 2006 In vitro: Micro-CT 115 65.2% (75) 26.1% (40) 0% 0% 65.2% (75) 0% 2.6% (3) 0% 22.6% (26) 0% 0.9% (1) 0% 0% 76.5% (88) 23.5% (27) 0% Liu et al. [24 ], 2013 In vivo: CBCT 178 98% (174) 2% 0% 87.1% (155) 11.2% (20) 0.6% (1) 1.1% 86.8% (151) 0% 1.7% (3) 0% 9.8% (17) 0% 0% 0.6% 0% 89.6% (160) 9.8% (17) 0.6% Tian et al. [25 ], 2012 In vivo: CBCT 97 83.5% (81) 12.4% (12) 0% 4.1% 83.5% (81) 0% 3.6% (3) 0% 8.8% (8) 0% 0% 0% 0% 91.2% (88) 8.8% (9) 0% Liao et al. [26 ], 2011 In vivo: CBCT 440 99.5% (439) 0.5% (1) 0% 75.2% (340) 21% (92) 0.7% (3) 1.1% 76% (335) 3.4% (15) 2.7% (12) 6.6% (21) 9.3% (41) 0% 0% 0.7% 0% 83.4% (367) 15.9% (70) 0.7% Tian et al. [27 ], 2013 In vitro: Micro-CT 358 24% Fan et al. [28 ], 2008 Japan In vitro: radiographs 516 86.2% (445) 13.8% (71) 0% 0% Miyoshi et al. [29 ], 1977 In vitro: Staining 139 80.6% (112) 15.1% (21) 4.3% (6) 0% 80.6% (112) 19.4% (27) 0% Yoshioka et al. [30 ], 2004 Korea In vivo: CBCT 797 99.9% (796) 0.1% (1) 0% Park et al. [31 ], 2013 Subgroup Ethnic Incidence 2822 99% (1409) 1% (6) 74.5% (1311) 22.5% (328) .95% (12) 3.7% (97) 78% (720) 0.85% (21) 3% (27) 3.32% (31) 10.1% (92) 0.18% (1) 0.74% (4) 85% (905) 15% (160) 0.65% (4) Middle East Kuwait In vivo: radiograph of RCT teeth 20 85.0% (17) 15% (3) 0% 60% 40% 0% 0% 60% (12) 40% (8) 0% Zaatar et al. [32 ], 1997 Jordan In vitro: clearing 500 97% (485) 3% (15) 0% 58.2% (291) 39.8% (195) 2.6% (13) 0% 58.2% (251) 4.8% 1.4% 14.4% (72) 16.8% (84) 0.8% 1% 0% 2.6% Awawdeh and Al-Qudah [33 ], 2008 Iran In vitro: sectioning 217 100% (217) 0% 0% 88.47% (192) 11.53% 0% 1.4% 90% 1.8% (4) 3.2% 0.9% (2) 4.1% (9) 0% 0% 0% 0% 93.8% 5% 1.2% Khedmat et al. [34 ], 2010 In vitro: clearing 163 98% (160) 2% (3) 0% 70.6% (115) 27.8% (45) 1.2% 2.4% 70.6% (113) 1.9% 3.8% 3.8% 16.9% (27) 1.2% 0.6% 0% 1.2% 77.5% 22.5% 0% Rahimi et al. [35 ], 2007 Turkey In vitro: clearing 100 100% (100) 0% 0% 64% (64) 30% (30) 5% 0% 75% (75) 25% (25) 0% Çalişkan et al. [36 ], 1995 In vitro: clearing 200 60.5% (121) 39.5% (69) 0% 0% 60.6% (121) 18.5% (37) 10.5% (21) 7% (14) 2.5% (5) 0% 0% 1% 0% 89.5% (179) 9.5% (19) 1% Sert and Bayirli [37 ], 2004 Subgroup Ethnic Incidence 1200 96% (979) 6.67% (21) 67% (795) 31% (372) 1.46% (21) 0.63% (7) 69.85% (680) 6.75% (68) 4.73% (41) 6.53% (94) 9.85% (125) 0.5% (6) 0.4% (6) 0.25% (2) 0.95% (7) 79% (595) 20% (100) 0.44% (5) Hispanic Mexico In vitro: radiograph 202 79.3% (140) 25.8% (62) 0% 0% 74.2% (150) 25.8 (52) 0% Pineda and Kuttler [38 ], 1972 Total no of teeth 12752 7395 200 12 6070 2027 73 181 2868 137 100 394 382 8 7 10 9 4349 1002 13 Overall Incidence (%] 97.21 (%) 2.63 (%) 0.16 (%) 73.55 (%) 23.55 (%) 0.91 (%) 2 (%) 72.6 (%) 3.73 (%) 2.72 (%) 10.72 (%) 10.4 (%) 0.22 (%) 0.19 (%) 0.27 (%) 0.24 (%) 81.08 (%) 18.68 (%) 0.24 (%)
