Anatomical Considerations on Surgical Anatomy of the Carotid Bifurcation

Table 1

HCB in relation to different anatomic landmarks.

Author	Study type/sample	HCB (anterior)	HCB (posterior)
Espalieu et al. [42], 1986	Cadaveric (36); Angiographic (50)		C2/3: 6%,; C3/4: 25%,; C4: 65%; C4-C5: 4%
Lučev et al. [43], 2000	Cadaveric (20)	Superior level of HB: 12.5%; Inferior level of HB: 10%; Superior level of TC: 50%; Inferior level of TC: 5%
Zümre et al. [41], 2005	Cadaveric (40)		C3 (l): 60% (r): 55%; C4 (l): 45% (r): 35%; C5 (l): 0% (r): 10%
Ito et al. [15], 2006	Cadaveric (40)		C2, C2/3, C3, C3/4: 31%; C4: 58%; C4/5: 11%
Lo et al. [14], 2006	Cadaveric (36)	Greater horn of HB: 15%; Body of HB: 40%; Superior border of TC: 39%; Body of TC: 6%
Pai et al. [62], 2007	Cadaveric (95)		C2 (l): 10% (r): 9%; C3 (l): 50% (r): 55%; C4 (l), 40% (r): 35%; C5 (l): 0% (r): 1%
Klosek and Rungruang [6], 2008	Cadaveric (43)		C2/3: 2.3%; C3: 10.4%; C3/4: 20.9%; C4: 30.2%; C4/5: 16.3%; C5: 8.1%
Al-Rafiah et al. [39], 2011	Cadaveric (30)	Higher than HB: 3.3%; HB: 25%; Between HB and TC: 18.3%; Superior level of TC: 48.3%; Lower than TC: 5%
McNamara et al. [12], 2015	Angiographic (76)	Above AM: 0.7%; Same level with AM; Below AM: 95.7%; Above HB: 62.9%; Same level with HB: 26.4%; Below HB: 10.7%; Above TC: 79.3%; Same level with TC: 16.4%; Below TC: 4.3%

HB: hyoid bone; TC: thyroid cartilage; AM: angle of mandible; HCB: height of carotid bifurcation.