Review Article

Application of Nanoscaffolds in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy

Table 1

Sources for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells.

TissueIsolation protocolProperties of isolated cellsMarker of interest in isolated cellsResource

Warton’s jelly of UCBSections of Warton’s jelly in medium, taking out the sections from the medium after 5 days, and culture of isolated cells for 5 more days.Isolated MSCs probably lack pluripotency according to lack of NANOG gene expression after 9th culture.Histochemical study in terms of alkaline phosphatase activity, RT-PCR to study the existence of NANOG mRNA, examining growth graph of isolated cells.[7]

Knee synoviumCollagenase treatment of human knee synovium tissue, cell culture, and attachment of MSCs to flask. Isolation from synovium tissue sectioned during knee surgery, high proliferation power compared to similar types, high differentiation potential into adipose and cartilage tissue. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry for CD105 and CD73, gene study with RT-PCR, and specific dying for cells induced towards osteocyte and adipocytes. [8]

AmnionEDTA and trypsin treatment, cell culture in DMEM medium with 10% FBS. MSCs remained undifferentiated after 18–20 steps of passages, these cells beside high differentiation potential into mesodermal cell line, can differentiate into nerve-like cells. Flow cytometry for CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, and CD105 and then differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and nerve cell line. [9]

Eye conjunctivaAfter biopsy, stromal section of eye conjunctiva tissue was cultured in flask.These cells, other than osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipogenic cells, have the potential to differentiate into nerve cells.Expression of markers like CD29, CD44, CD166, CD13, and SH2 and SH3 and genes such as Oct-4, Rex-1, and NANOG. [10]

EndometriumCollagenase III and ribonuclease I treatment of endometrium to produce single cell suspension, removal of leukocytes by anti-PTPRC (anti-CD45), and culture of MSCs and epithelial cells in DMEM/F-12 with 10% FBS, isolating epithelial cells using anti-EpCAM.MSCs produced have high potential of self-renewal and differentiation into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and smooth muscles. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry for expression of ITGB1 (CD29), CD44, NT5E (CD73), THY1 (CD90), ENG (CD105), PDGFRB (CD140B), and MCAM (CD146) and lack of expression of PECAM1 (CD31), CD34, PTPRC (CD45), and EpCAM. [11]

Adipose tissueCollagenase III treatment of adipose tissue to produce single cell suspension, culture in ultraculture medium with 2% UltroserG. MSCs have ability of fast proliferation and differentiation potential into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Flow cytometry for expression of CD73, CD90, CD105, CD44, and CD166 and lack of expression of CD45, CD34, and CD14. [12]