The Psoas Compartment Block for Hip Surgery: The Past, Present, and Future
Table 1
Approaches of the lumbar plexus through the history.
Year
Author
Landmarks
Remarks
1974
Winnie
L4-L5; intersection line parallel spine through posterior superior iliac spine and intercristal line
Too lateral
1976
Chayen
L4-L5; 5 cm lateral and 3 cm caudal from spinous process L4
Too lateral
1989
Parkinson
L3; 3-4 cm lateral
L3 approach enhances the risk of renal puncture
1993
Hanna
L2-L3; 3–5 cm lateral
2002
Capdevila
L4-L5; junction of lateral one third and medial two thirds of the line L4 and the line passes through posterior superior iliac spine (Modified Winnie approach)
Too lateral
2002
Pandin
L4-L5, 3 cm below intercristal line and 3 cm lateral to the interspinous line (Modified Chayen approach)
Too medial enhancing the risk of epidural spread of local anesthetics