Research Article

Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion for Perioperative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 5

Data on the adverse events and side effects that occurred.

Adverse events and side effects
CKTotal value
(N = 18)(N = 17)(N = 35)

Avg. RASS 1st 12 hours0.19731
 Number181735
 Mean (SD)−0.6 (0.3)−0.5 (0.4)−0.6 (0.4)
 Range(−1.1–0.0)(−1.8–0.3)(−1.8–0.3)

Avg. RASS 2nd 12 hours0.78691
 Number181735
 Mean (SD)0.0 (0.1)0.0 (0.2)0.0 (0.1)
 Range(−0.5–0.0)(−0.7–0.0)(−0.7–0.0)

Avg. RASS 2nd 24 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Agitation 1st 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Agitation 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Agitation 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Adverse hemodynamic events1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Delirium 1st 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Delirium 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Delirium 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Diplopia 1st 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Diplopia 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Diplopia 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Hallucinations 1st 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Hallucinations 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Hallucinations 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Respiratory depression 1st 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Respiratory depression 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Respiratory depression 2nd 12 hours1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Nausea 1st 12 hours0.84521
 N8 (44.4%)7 (41.2%)15 (42.9%)
 Y10 (55.6%)10 (58.8%)20 (57.1%)

Nausea 2nd 12 hours0.20761
 N15 (83.3%)11 (64.7%)26 (74.3%)
 Y3 (16.7%)6 (35.3%)9 (25.7%)

Nausea 2nd 24 hours0.93871
 N15 (83.3%)14 (82.4%)29 (82.9%)
 Y3 (16.7%)3 (17.6%)6 (17.1%)

Length of stay (hours)0.18242
 Number181735
 Mean (SD)36.6 (13.6)43.9 (18.0)40.1 (16.1)
 Range(24–72.5)(28.0–102.0)(24.0–102.0)

Pruritus1.00001
 N18 (100%)17 (100%)35 (100%)

Readmission0.15701
 N16 (88.9%)17 (100.0%)33 (94.3%)
 Y2 (11.1%)0 (0.0%)2 (5.7%)

Lists data on the adverse events and side effects that occurred. Avg: average; Resp: respiratory; and RASS: Richmond agitation-sedation scale.