Thirty Years with HIV Infection—Nonprogression Is Still Puzzling: Lessons to Be Learned from Controllers and Long-Term Nonprogressors

Table 2

Immunological distinctions between progressors and non-progressors.

	Controller	LTNP	Progressor
Production of T cells	Thymic output preserved	Thymus output?	Thymic output ↓
	Haematopoiesis preserved	Haematopoiesis?	Haematopoiesis exhausted
IL-7/IL-7R	IL-7 Normal	IL-7 ↑	IL-7 ↑
	IL-7R Normal	IL-7R ↓	IL-7R ↓
Destruction of T cells	Immune activation ↑	Immune activation ↑↑	Immune activation ↑↑↑
	Turnover/apoptosis ↑	Turnover/apoptosis?	Turnover/apoptosis ↑↑
	Microbial translocation ↑	? Microbial translocation	↑↑↑Microbial translocation
Secondary lymphoid tissue	Preserved architecture	?	Damaged architecture
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cells	↓Tregs	? Tregs	↑↑Tregs
	↑Th17	↑Th17	↓Th17
HIV-specific immune response	Strong	?	Blunted
Viral reservoir	Low	?	High

↑/↓: Indicates slightly, ↑↑/↓↓: moderate, ↑↑↑/↓↓ ↓: highly different from HIV-negative individuals.
LTNP: long-term non-progressors, Tregs: regulatory T cells.
?: Indicates unknown.