Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory? The Theoretical Basis of HIV Prevention Interventions for Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Description of study outcomes stratified by role of theory use in each study.

	Condom use at last sex	Ever/consistently used condom	Sexual debut, proportion of sexually active youth	Sexual intercourse in past months	Number of sexual partners	HIV incidence	HSV-2	Other STIs	Overview
Theory used for development of intervention	Visser, 2005^°	Ross, 2007^++	Visser, 2005^−−	Maticka-Tyndale, 2007^°	Visser, 2005^°	Ross, 2007^°	Ross, 2007^°	Ross, 2007^°	44 outcomes
	Magnani, 2005^++	Underwood, 2006^++	Magnani, 2005^−−	Visser, 2007^++	Magnani, 2005^++	Jewkes, 2008^°	Jewkes, 2008^++	Jewkes, 2008^°	^++7
	Maticka-Tyndale, 2007^+	Kim, 2001^°	Maticka-Tyndale, 2007^+	Kim, 2001^+	Ross, 2007^+	Doyle, 2010^°	Doyle, 2010^°	Doyle, 2010^°	^+10
	Ross, 2007^+	Magnani, 2005^++	Ross, 2007^°		Visser, 2007^−−				^°22
	Jewkes, 2008^°	Atwood 2012^°	Klepp, 1997^+		Kim, 2001^+				^−1
	Underwood, 2006^°		Kim, 2001^+		Atwood, 2012^−−				^−−4
	Visser, 2007^°		Underwood, 2006^−		Doyle, 2010^+
	Doyle, 2010^°		Atwood, 2012^+
	Tibbits, 2011^°		Burnet, 2011^°
			Doyle, 2010^°
			Tibbits, 2011^°
	James, 2006^+	Harvey, 2000^++	Harvey, 2000^°	James, 2006^+	Harvey, 2000^°				12 outcomes
	Meekers, 1998^°	Meekers, 1998^°	Van Rossem, 1999^+		Van Rossem, 1999^°				^++1
Theory used for development of evaluation or questionnaire	Van Rossem, 1999^+	Van Rossem, 1999^+	Meekers, 1998^°						^+5
									^°6
									^−0
									^−−0
	Van Rossem, 2000^°	Van Rossem, 2000^++	Fitzgerald, 1999^°	Fitzgerald, 1999^°	Fitzgerald, 1999^°				15 outcomes
	Fitzgerald, 1999^°	Meekers, 2005^+	Van Rossem, 2000^°		Van Rossem, 2000^+				^++1
Theory used for development of intervention and evaluation or questionnaire	Meekers, 2005^+	Fitzgerald, 1999^°	Plautz, 2003^−						^+3
	Plautz, 2003^°	Plautz, 2003^°							^°10
	Karnell, 2005^°								^−1
									^−−0
Theory used, but uncertain in which phase of study			Shuey^++						1 outcome
									^++1
	Speizer^+	Agha, 2002^°	Speizer^++	Speizer^−−	Agha, 2002^++	Baird, 2012^++	Baird, 2012^++	Baird, 2012^°	18 outcomes
	Agha, 2002^°	Okonofua^++	Brieger, 2001^−−	Agha, 2002^++	Fawole, 1999^°				^++6
Interventions not explicitly based on theory	Erulkar, 2004^+	Kuhn^°	Fawole, 1999^°	Erulkar, 2004^°	Erulkar, 2004^+				^+4
	Fawole, 1999^°	Fawole, 1999^°	Erulkar, 2004^+						^°12
	Mason-Jones, 2011^°	Baird, 2012^°	Baird, 2012^°						^−0
			Mason-Jones, 2011^−−						^−−3

⁺⁺significant positive intervention effect on outcome variable for the whole study population.
⁺significant positive intervention impact on outcome variable for a subgroup of the target population, and no significant impact on the whole study population or whole population impact not reported.
^°no significant intervention impact on the outcome variable.
⁻significant negative intervention effect on outcome variable in a sub-group of the target population, and no significant impact on the whole study population or whole population impact not reported.
⁻⁻significant negative intervention effect on the outcome variable for the whole study population.