Barriers to Initiation of Pediatric HIV Treatment in Uganda: A Mixed-Method Study
Table 4
Risk factors for late disease stage at presentation (WHO stage 3 or 4).
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
value
Sex
Female
1
Male
0.99
0.56–1.74
0.963
Age group
5–12 years old
1
1
2–5 years old
1.20
0.60–2.41
0.612
1.90
0.85–4.22
0.117
0–2 years old
1.45
0.72–2.92
0.303
2.83
1.23–6.50
0.014
Current living situation
With both parents
1
1
With one parent
1.39
0.71–2.73
0.340
2.05
0.96–4.35
0.062
With siblings/relatives/other caregiver/in institution
2.46
1.14–5.31
0.021
3.93
1.65–9.38
0.002
Primary caregiver
Mother
1
Father
0.80
0.22–2.94
0.738
Grandparent
3.07
1.06–8.92
0.039
Other relative/friend
0.92
0.45–1.91
0.826
Institution
3.09
0.54–17.64
0.203
Mother’s health status
Healthy
1
Sick
1.66
0.49–5.60
0.416
Deceased
1.59
0.71–3.58
0.260
Unknown
1.10
0.28–4.24
0.894
Father’s health status
Healthy
1
Sick
1.27
0.43–3.74
0.660
Deceased
1.78
0.82–3.85
0.142
Unknown
2.17
0.81–5.81
0.122
Highest level of education of the caregiver
Illiterate
1
Literate/primary school
0.77
0.32–1.83
0.550
Secondary school
0.55
0.21–1.44
0.223
Postsecondary school
0.49
0.17–1.45
0.197
Occupation of the caregiver
Wage-employed
1
1
Self-employed
1.82
0.78–4.26
0.166
2.50
1.00–6.28
0.051
None/at home/student
3.24
1.43–7.34
0.005
4.26
1.75–10.35
0.001
PMTCT experienced
Yes
1
1
No
5.07
1.24–20.79
0.024
5.66
1.21–26.51
0.028
Time between HIV+ diagnosis and ART initiation
0–31 days
1
>30 days
0.93
0.50–1.73
0.818
Transportation time
<1 hour
1
1 hour or more
0.85
0.45–1.58
0.606
Transportation costs
1st quartile (UGXa 500–1500)
1
1
2nd quartile (UGX 1500–3000)
1.07
0.51–2.23
0.857
0.96
0.43–2.14
0.915
3rd quartile (UGX 3000–4000)
0.89
0.34–2.33
0.818
0.85
0.30–2.38
0.756
4th quartile (UGX 4000–15000)
2.09
0.85–5.15
0.108
2.51
0.92–6.85
0.072
Waiting time at clinic
<2 hours
1
2 hours or more
0.83
0.35–1.98
0.676
Multilevel univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with random intercepts to examine factors associated with late disease at presentation (WHO stage 3 or 4), accounting for clustering of observations within sites.
aUGX 500 ≈ $0.18; UGX: Uganda Shilling.
