The Intersection between Sex Work and Reproductive Health in Northern Karnataka, India: Identifying Gaps and Opportunities in the Context of HIV Prevention
Table 3
Factors associated with HIV testing during pregnancy, among primiparous female sex workers ().
Received HIV test during pregnancy ()
Row %
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis***
Crude OR (95% CI)
-value
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
-value
Age-group
25 >25
154 97
68.2 35.1
Ref 0.25 (0.15, 0.43)
<0.001
Ref 0.12 (0.05, 0.33)
<0.001
Devadasi status
No Yes
158 93
50.0 64.5
Ref 1.8 (1.1, 3.1)
0.03
—
—
Literacy
Literate Illiterate
178 73
53.4 60.3
Ref 1.3 (0.76, 2.3)
0.3
—
—
Duration in sex work
1 year >1 year
49 202
53.1 55.9
Ref 1.1 (0.60, 2.1)
0.7
—
—
Ongoing sex work during pregnancy
No Yes
20 231
20.0 58.4
Ref 5.6 (1.8, 17.4)
0.003
Ref 3.1 (1.01, 20.2)
0.04
Long-term partner at time of pregnancy
No Yes
38 213
73.7 52.1
Ref 0.39 (0.18, 0.84)
0.03
—
—
Mobile*
No Yes
145 106
57.2 52.8
Ref 0.84 (0.51, 1.4)
0.5
—
—
Place of residence (%)
Urban Rural
89 162
60.7 52.5
Ref 0.72 (0.43, 1.2)
0.2
—
—
Voluntary abortion during the pregnancy
No Yes
209 42
57.9 42.9
Ref 0.55 (0.28, 1.1)
0.08
—
—
Experienced pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortion or stillbirth) during the pregnancy
No Yes
194 57
58.3 45.6
Ref 0.60 (0.33, 1.1)
0.09
—
—
Place of delivery (**)
Health-care facility Home
110 87
77.3 40.2
Ref 0.20 (0.11, 0.37)
<0.001
Ref 0.14 (0.09, 0.34)
<0.001
Aware of methods to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV
No Yes
189 62
47.6 79.0
Ref 4.1 (2.1, 8.1)
<0.001
Ref 3.9 (1.9, 14.1)
<0.001
Registered in pre-antiretroviral treatment centers (linked to HIV care after a positive HIV test)
No Yes
237 14
55.3 57.1
Ref 1.1 (0.36, 3.2)
0.9
—
—
*FSWs who also travel to a village or city outside their place of residence to conduct sex work. **Includes stillbirth. ***Multivariate analysis excludes primiparous FSWs who experienced a miscarriage or received a voluntary abortion. Final multivariate model includes the following variables: age, continued sex work during pregnancy, place of delivery, and awareness of methods to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. Registration in pre-antiretroviral treatment centers refers to registration prior to or at time of the pregnancy.
