Socioeconomic Status and Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Uganda: Evidence from Multilevel Modelling of AIDS Indicator Survey Data

Table 3

Odds ratios (OR) of being HIV positive for women and men, Uganda AIS, 2004-2005 and 2011 () controlling for age in single-year dummy variables.

Parameter	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Fixed Effect
Constant	0.06	[0.06–0.08]	0.13	[0.10–0.16]	0.01	[0.01–0.02]	0.00	[0.00–0.01]
Model 1: SES factors
Wealth (Ref: Lowest)
Second	1.04	[0.90–1.20]	1.03	[0.89–1.18]	1.07	[0.92–1.23]	1.03	[0.89–1.19]
Middle	1.00	[0.86–1.15]	0.98	[0.85–1.13]	1.06	[0.91–1.23]	1.02	[0.88–1.18]
Fourth	1.02	[0.88–1.18]	1.00	[0.86–1.16]	1.08	[0.93–1.26]	1.04	[0.89–1.21]
Highest	1.05	[0.90–1.22]	1.06	[0.91–1.24]	1.18	[1.00–1.38]	1.13	[0.96–1.33]
Education (Ref: No education)
Incomplete primary	0.91	[0.80–1.04]	0.87	[0.76–0.99]	1.23	[1.08–1.41]	1.12	[0.97–1.28]
Complete primary	1.00	[0.86–1.18]	0.92	[0.78–1.08]	1.31	[1.11–1.54]	1.16	[0.98–1.37]
Incomplete secondary	0.67	[0.57–0.78]	0.58	[0.49–0.68]	1.09	[0.92–1.29]	0.95	[0.80–1.12]
Complete secondary & higher	0.54	[0.43–0.68]	0.43	[0.34–0.55]	0.69	[0.54–0.89]	0.61	[0.48–0.79]
Missing	1.20	[0.34–4.23]	1.22	[0.35–4.27]	1.83	[0.51–6.60]	1.71	[0.47–6.15]
Model 2: Other SES factors
Place of residence (Ref: Urban)
Rural			0.51	[0.43–0.59]	0.52	[0.45–0.61]	0.60	[0.52–0.70]
Ethnicity (Ref: Baganda)
Banyankole/Bakiga			1.13	[0.95–1.34]	1.17	[0.98–1.39]	1.42	[1.19–1.68]
Iteso/Karimojong			0.67	[0.54–0.84]	0.74	[0.59–0.93]	0.85	[0.68–1.06]
Lubgbara/Madi			0.45	[0.35–0.60]	0.47	[0.36–0.62]	0.60	[0.46–0.79]
Basoga			0.77	[0.62–0.95]	0.78	[0.63–0.97]	0.76	[0.61–0.94]
Langi/Acholi			1.13	[0.92–1.39]	1.22	[0.99–1.50]	1.42	[1.16–1.75]
Bagisu/Sabiny			0.75	[0.57–0.98]	0.80	[0.61–1.04]	0.73	[0.56–0.95]
Alur/Japadhola			0.72	[0.56–0.94]	0.80	[0.62–1.05]	0.84	[0.64–1.09]
Banyoro/Batoro			1.28	[1.04–1.58]	1.35	[1.09–1.66]	1.33	[1.08–1.63]
All others			0.82	[0.69–0.98]	0.86	[0.72–1.04]	0.95	[0.79–1.14]
Time in years (Ref: 2005-05)
UG6			1.22	[1.08–1.38]	1.23	[1.08–1.39]	1.22	[1.08–1.37]
Model 3: socio-demographics
Age of respondent (Ref: 15 years)
Age 16					0.94	[0.50–1.75]	0.86	[0.46–1.61]
Age 17					1.04	[0.57–1.90]	0.88	[0.48–1.64]
Age 18					1.66	[0.97–2.84]	1.24	[0.70–2.18]
Age 19					1.85	[1.07–3.19]	1.33	[0.74–2.37]
Age 20					1.89	[1.11–3.22]	1.27	[0.72–2.24]
Age 21					2.95	[1.74–5.01]	1.86	[1.05–3.30]
Age 22					2.74	[1.63–4.63]	1.75	[1.00–3.08]
Age 23					2.84	[1.67–4.83]	1.75	[0.98–3.11]
Age 24					2.51	[1.48–4.26]	1.51	[0.85–2.67]
Age 25					2.90	[1.73–4.86]	1.73	[0.99–3.02]
Age 26					3.36	[1.97–5.71]	1.98	[1.12–3.51]
Age 27					3.33	[1.96–5.65]	1.89	[1.07–3.35]
Age 28					3.81	[2.28–6.35]	2.24	[1.29–3.90]
Age 29					5.01	[2.98–8.42]	2.80	[1.60–4.92]
Age 30					4.41	[2.66–7.29]	2.55	[1.48–4.41]
Age 31					4.60	[2.72–7.77]	2.45	[1.39–4.33]
Age 32					4.73	[2.83–7.92]	2.67	[1.53–4.66]
Age 33					5.91	[3.49–9.99]	3.20	[1.81–5.64]
Age 34					4.96	[2.91–8.43]	2.76	[1.56–4.89]
Age 35					4.90	[2.94–8.17]	2.64	[1.52–4.60]
Age 36					4.29	[2.51–7.33]	2.33	[1.31–4.15]
Age 37					5.37	[3.15–9.15]	2.93	[1.65–5.22]
Age 38					4.29	[2.54–7.25]	2.25	[1.27–3.96]
Age 39					5.37	[3.13–9.23]	2.84	[1.59–5.08]
Age 40					3.96	[2.35–6.67]	2.17	[1.24–3.82]
Age 41					5.26	[3.05–9.07]	2.79	[1.55–5.01]
Age 42					4.21	[2.45–7.21]	2.14	[1.20–3.83]
Age 43					4.64	[2.58–8.34]	2.38	[1.28–4.46]
Age 44					4.57	[2.58–8.10]	2.38	[1.29–4.38]
Age 45					3.66	[2.13–6.27]	1.82	[1.02–3.25]
Age 46					3.26	[1.80–5.89]	1.64	[0.88–3.08]
Age 47					3.57	[1.97–6.45]	1.84	[0.98–3.46]
Age 48					3.18	[1.80–5.63]	1.60	[0.87–2.96]
Age 49					4.62	[2.57–8.30]	2.34	[1.25–4.37]
Age 50					1.69	[0.92–3.11]	0.85	[0.44–1.62]
Age 51					2.87	[1.52–5.39]	1.44	[0.74–2.81]
Age 52					3.03	[1.67–5.51]	1.54	[0.82–2.92]
Age 53					2.75	[1.39–5.47]	1.41	[0.69–2.90]
Age 54					2.07	[1.06–4.04]	1.11	[0.55–2.24]
Age 55					1.50	[0.72–3.11]	0.77	[0.36–1.65]
Age 56					1.67	[0.82–3.43]	0.81	[0.38–1.72]
Age 57					2.20	[1.06–4.58]	1.13	[0.53–2.44]
Age 58					1.93	[0.95–3.92]	0.99	[0.47–2.09]
Age 59					1.51	[0.66–3.47]	0.74	[0.31–1.75]
Marital status (Ref: Never)
Married/living together					1.65	[1.36–2.00]	2.00	[1.61–2.47]
Widowed					8.12	[6.39–10.31]	7.18	[5.61–9.19]
Divorced/separated					3.74	[3.02–4.63]	3.22	[2.58–4.02]
Sex of respondent (Ref: Men)
Women					1.16	[1.05–1.27]	1.73	[1.55–1.93]
Model 4: Sexual Practices
Drunk alcohol (Ref: No)
Drunk							1.23	[1.10–1.37]
Not applicable							0.26	[0.01–4.89]
Used condom (Ref: No)
Used condom							2.34	[2.02–2.71]
Not applicable							6.22	[0.34–115.28]
Sexual partners (Ref: 1 partner)
2–4 partners							2.08	[1.82–2.38]
>4 partners							3.76	[3.19–4.42]
Not applicable							0.99	[0.68–1.44]
HIV/AIDS Knowledge (Ref: No)
Lowest knowledge							1.12	[0.79–1.58]
Medium knowledge							1.11	[0.82–1.52]
Highest knowledge							1.38	[1.02–1.87]
Random Effects
Cluster variance	0.566	0.049	0.385	0.039	0.365	0.039	0.318	0.036
Units: Cluster	887		887		887		887
Units: Individual	39766		39766		39766		39766
Estimation:	IGLS (MQL1)		IGLS (PQL2)		IGLS (PQL2)		IGLS (PQL2)

OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals. significance at 5% level, .