Socioeconomic Status and Vulnerability to HIV Infection in Uganda: Evidence from Multilevel Modelling of AIDS Indicator Survey Data

Table 4

Odds ratios (OR) of HIV prevalence in rural and urban areas, UAIS, 2004-2005 and 2011.

Parameter	Rural				Urban
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Fixed effects
Constant	0.05	[0.04–0.06]	0.00	[0.00-0.00]	0.21	[0.15–0.29]	0.02	[0.01–0.03]
Model 1: Socio-economic factors
Wealth status (Ref: Lowest quintile)
Second	1.04	[0.88–1.23]	1.06	[0.89–1.26]	1.18	[0.92–1.52]	1.13	[0.87–1.46]
Middle	1.01	[0.85–1.20]	1.05	[0.88–1.25]	1.15	[0.88–1.50]	1.18	[0.89–1.55]
Fourth	1.13	[0.95–1.34]	1.17	[0.98–1.39]	0.88	[0.66–1.18]	0.89	[0.66–1.21]
Highest	1.17	[0.98–1.40]	1.23	[1.02–1.47]	0.87	[0.64–1.19]	0.99	[0.71–1.36]
Education (Ref: No education)
Incomplete primary	0.91	[0.79–1.04]	1.15	[0.99–1.33]	0.67	[0.48–0.92]	0.93	[0.66–1.32]
Complete primary	1.04	[0.87–1.24]	1.30	[1.08–1.57]	0.54	[0.37–0.78]	0.73	[0.49–1.07]
Incomplete secondary	0.68	[0.57–0.82]	1.07	[0.88–1.30]	0.35	[0.25–0.49]	0.64	[0.45–0.93]
Complete secondary & higher	0.63	[0.45–0.87]	0.83	[0.59–1.17]	0.25	[0.17–0.38]	0.43	[0.28–0.67]
Missing	1.05	[0.23–4.84]	1.21	[0.26–5.71]	1.27	[0.12–13.37]	2.49	[0.21–29.13]
Model 2: Socio-demographic factors
Age of respondents (Ref: 45–59 years)
15–24 years			1.12	[0.91–1.37]			0.89	[0.63–1.27]
25–34 years			1.80	[1.54–2.12]			1.46	[1.08–1.96]
35–44 years			1.90	[1.62–2.22]			1.53	[1.13–2.07]
Current marital status (Ref: Never been in union)
Married/living together			2.28	[1.75–2.97]			2.03	[1.45–2.83]
Widowed			8.75	[6.47–11.83]			6.14	[3.97–9.49]
Divorced/separated			3.92	[2.97–5.16]			2.97	[2.09–4.21]
Sex of respondent (Ref: Men)
Women			1.61	[1.42–1.82]			2.13	[1.71–2.64]
Time in years (Ref: 2004-05)
2011			1.33	[1.14–1.54]			0.97	[0.78–1.21]
Random effects
Cluster variance	0.584	0.058	0.487	0.053	0.175	0.052	0.162	0.052
Clusters	719		719		168		168
Individuals	32506		32506		7260		7260

OR: odds ratios; 95% CI: confidence intervals. significance at 5% level, .