Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Rheumatic Diseases

Table 1

Biological activities of MIF.

Chemotactic activities
Monocytes	stimulation/inhibition: dependent on its concentration
T lymphocytes
ECs
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Fibroblasts
Angiogenic activities
Antiapoptotic activities
Stimulation of cell proliferation
Induction of mediators
Cytokines	TNF-𝛼
	IL-1, 6, 8, 12
	CCL2
Growth factor	VEGF
Adhesion molecules
	ICAM-1
	VCAM-1
	E-selectin
	P-selectin
Proteinases	MMP-1, 3, 9, 13
Nitric oxide
Superoxide

Chemotactic activities of MIF against monocytes/macrophages may be dependent on its concentration. VEGF; vascular endothelial growth factor, ICAM-1; intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, MMP; matrix metalloproteinase.