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| Advantages | Disadvantages | Models used |
|
Mouse | Low cost Easy of use Genome sequenced Can view hole knee can on slides | Thin cartilage Postoperative management difficult | Genetic [3–7] Meniscal destabilization [7] Chemical [7] |
|
Rat | Low cost Ease to use Thicker cartilage than mouse Can view hole knee can on slides | Small joints Postoperative management difficult | Medial meniscus tear [8–10] Partial medial meniscectomy [11] ACL transection [12–14] ACL transection with partial medial meniscectomy [13, 15] Chemical [16, 17] |
|
Rabbit | Easy to use | Knee biomechanics Cartilage capable of regeneration Different histology from human Postoperative management difficult | ACL transection [18, 19] Meniscectomy [20] Chemical [21, 22] |
|
Guinea pig | Similar histopathology to human Prone to spontaneous OA | Sedentary lifestyle Arthroscopy not possible | Spontaneous [23–42] Meniscectomy [43] Chemical [44, 45]
|
|
Dog | Prone to spontaneous OA Arthroscopy feasible MRI feasible GI physiology Genome sequenced Validated outcome measures | Cost Public perception | Spontaneous [46] ACL transection [46–56] Meniscal release [48, 57] Focal cartilage defect [48, 58–60] |
|
Sheep/goat | Large joint Easy to use Arthroscopy feasible MRI feasible | Cost GI physiology | Partial/total meniscectomy [61–66] |
|
Horse | Spontaneous OA Can induce OA without instability Arthroscopy feasible MRI feasible | Cost Anatomy | Spontaneous [67] Osteochondral-fragment exercise model [68–73] |
|