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| Study | OA/RA | Surgical intervention | Imaging modality | Synovial tissue scoring | Markers measured | Clinical scoring system | Result |
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| Benito et al., 2005 [22] | OA | TKR or arthroscopy | XR | N/A | Inflammatory cell infiltrate, blood vessel formation, angiogenic factors, NF-kB activation, TNFα, IL-1β, COX-1, COX-2, and fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) | NA | Early OA tissue exhibited greater lining layer thickness and greater CD4+ T cell and CD68+ macrophage infiltration; also more numerous blood vessels and VEGF and ICAM-I expression and greater numbers of cells producing TNFα and IL-1β; FLS functionally similar in early and late OA |
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| De Lange-Brokaar et al., 2013 (abstract) [18, 19] | OA | Arthroscopy | Contrast enhanced MRI | Guermazi et al. MRI scoring system | N/A | VAS pain | Knee synovitis severity on MRI correlated with macroscopic and microscopic histological synovitis features but not with VAS pain |
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| De Lange-Brokaar et al., 2013 (abstract) [18, 19] | OA | Arthroscopy or TKR | Contrast enhanced MRI | Guermazi et al. MRI scoring system | N/A | | Different patterns of knee synovitis were correlated to knee pain scoring systems |
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| De Lange-Brokaar et al., 2014 [10] | OA | Arthroscopy or TKR | Gd-DOTA MRI 3T | Krenn et al. system, lining cell layer, synovial stroma, and inflammatory infiltrate graded 0–3 | N/A | N/A | Synovitis severity on MRI correlated with macro- and microscopic features of synovitis in knee OA |
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| Liang et al., 2009 (abstract) [23] | OA | TKR or arthroscopy or Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction | | N/A | Synovial CD31, NF-xB, MMP-1, COX-2, IL-1β, and TGF-β | JKOM | Synovium MMP-1, COX-2, and IL-1β expression in end stage OA reduced in comparison to those of progressive OA; expression of TGF-β in the synovium of end stage OA was significantly increased in comparison to that of progressive OA; the MMP-1, IL-1β, and TGF-β expression in the synovium significantly correlated with the radiographic and clinical manifestations of knee OA |
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| Lambert et al., 2014 [28] | OA | TKR | N/A | Surgeon graded macroscopic criteria by Ayral et al. normal, reactive, and inflamed | Cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, anabolism, catabolism, and angiogenesis compounds | N/A | Inflammation, cartilage metabolism, Wnt signalling, and angiogenesis pathways were upregulated in areas of inflamed synovium |
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| Liu et al., 2010 [11] | OA | TKR | Gd-MRI 1.5T | Histological parameters 0–3 | N/A | JKOM, VAS, and WOMAC | Neither synovitis nor Gd-MRI score correlates with pain VAS score or WOMAC; they only correlated with JKOM score |
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| Oehler et al., 2002 [27] | OA | TKR or arthroscopy | N/A | Scored 0–4, immunohistochemistry | Inflammatory infiltrates | N/A | 4 subtypes of synoviopathy characterised; hyperplastic in early OA; inflammatory in early and late OA; fibrotic and detritus rich in late OA |
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| Østergaard et al., 1998 [9] | OA and RA | Knee arthroscopy or arthrotomy | Gd-DTPA MRI 1.5T | Histological parameters 0–3 | N/A | N/A | Dynamic MRI can be used to determine synovial inflammation but could not differentiate between moderate and severe inflammation |
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| Scanzello et al., 2009 [24] | OA | TKR | XR | N/A | IL-15, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-2, IL-21, MMP-1, and MMP-3 | N/A | Lymphocytic infiltrates found in all early OA specimens but only in some end stage specimens; IL-15 significantly higher in early OA patients |
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| Smith et al., 1997 [26] | OA | TKR or arthroscopy | N/A | Scored 0–4, immunohistochemistry | IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-1ra | N/A | Synovial membrane inflammation more severe with advanced OA |
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| Takase et al., 2012 [16] | OA and RA | TKR | GSUS, PDUS, and Gd-DTPA 1.5T MRI | OMERACT-RAMRIS (0–3), histopathology 0–3 | Immunohistochemistry CD68, Ki-67, and CD31 | N/A | GSUS, PDUS, and MRI correlated with pathological total synovitis score; only PDUS and MRI showed high correlation with immunohistochemical parameters (CD68 for inflammatory cell infiltrate, Ki-67 for synovial lining cell thickness, and CD31 for vascularity) |
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| Tanavalee et al., 2011 [30] | OA | TKR | N/A | N/A | Serum CRP, ESR, and IL-6 | American Knee Society score and knee surface temperature | Synovectomy at the time of TKR does not benefit the outcome nor shorten the duration of the inflammatory response |
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| Walther et al., 2001 [15] | OA AND RA | TKR | Power Doppler sonography (PDS) | Vascularity graded 1–4 | N/A | N/A | PDS reliable in qualitative grading of synovial tissue vascularity in knees |
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| Walther et al., 2002 [14] | OA and RA | THR | PDS | Vascularity graded 1–4 | N/A | N/A | PDS reliable in qualitative grading of synovial tissue vascularity in hips |
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| Waldstein et al., 2014 [17] | OA | TKR | MRI 1.5 or 3T | WORMS scoring system; Krenn et al. synovium grading system, lining cell layer, synovial stroma, and inflammatory infiltrate graded 0–3 | Synovial WBC count, Mankin cartilage grading system; aggregate and dynamic modulus cartilage biomechanics | N/A | Cartilage mechanically inferior in knees with WBC >150 WBCs/mL compared to knees with <150 WBCs/mL; MRI and histopathologic synovitis grades did not correlate with each other or aggregate or dynamic cartilage modulus |
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