We have developed a novel instrument combining a glide tester with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) for hard disk drive (HDD) media defect test and analysis. The sample stays on the same test spindle during both glide test and AFM imaging without losing the relevant coordinates. This enables an in situ evaluation with the high-resolution AFM of the defects detected by the glide test. The ability for the immediate follow-on AFM analysis solves the problem of relocating the defects quickly and accurately in the current workflow. The tool is furnished with other functions such as scribing, optical imaging, and head burnishing. Typical data generated from the tool are shown at the end of the paper. It is further demonstrated that novel experiments can be carried out on the platform by taking advantage of the correlative capabilities of the tool.

Jizhong He

A Correlative Defect Analyzer Combining Glide Test with Atomic Force Microscope

The wear and friction of diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) film have been investigated in air with different relative humidity (RH), under deionized (DI) water and saline solution. The structure of the film has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result shows two interpenetrating network structure: a–C:H and a–Si:O, and they are interpenetrated by Si–C bonding. The tribological performance has been measured using ball-on-disc tribometer with tungsten carbide ball as counterbody at 10 N normal load. Results show that with increasing relative humidity (RH) from 35% to 80%, the coefficient of friction (COF) increases gradually from 0.005 to 0.074, whereas with increasing RH the wear factor decreases from <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:67.487503px;" id="M1" height="16.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 67.487503 16.1" width="67.487503" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,15.775)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,15.775)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,24.031,15.775)"><path id="xD7" d="M528 54l-36 -38l-198 201l-198 -201l-36 38l197 200l-197 201l36 38l198 -202l198 202l36 -38l-197 -201z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.783,15.775)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,15.775)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,54.112,7.613)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,61.097,7.613)"><use xlink:href="#x38" /></g></svg> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm and attains a minimum value of  <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:67.487503px;" id="M2" height="16.049999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 67.487503 16.049999" width="67.487503" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x2E" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,15.775)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,24.031,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#xD7" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.783,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x30" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,54.112,7.613)"><use xlink:href="#x2212" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,61.097,7.613)"><use xlink:href="#x38" /></g></svg> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm at 50% RH. With further increase of RH the wear factor increases again. Moreover, in DI water and especially in saline solution, both the COF and wear factor have been found to be significantly low. A clue has been interpreted to understand environmental dependency, considering the effect of surface dangling bonds, charge transfer, and chemical interactions.

Sukhendu Jana

Sayan Das

Utpal Gangopadhyay

Anup Mondal

Prajit Ghosh

A Clue to Understand Environmental Influence on Friction and Wear of Diamond-Like Nanocomposite Thin Film

The present paper describes an experimental test and a coupled contact-thermal-wear analysis of a railway wheel/brake block system through the braking process. During the test, the friction, the generated heat, and the wear were evaluated. It was found that the contact between the brake block and the wheel occurs in relatively small and slowly moving hot spots, caused by the wear and the thermal effects. A coupled simulation method was developed including numerical frictional contact, transient thermal and incremental wear calculations. In the 3D simulation, the effects of the friction, the thermal expansion, the wear, and the temperature-dependent material properties were also considered. A good agreement was found between the results of the test and the calculations, both for the thermal and wear results. The proposed method is suitable for modelling the slowly oscillating wear caused by the thermal expansions in the contact area.

N&#xe1;ndor B&#xe9;k&#xe9;si

K&#xe1;roly V&#xe1;radi

Contact Thermal Analysis and Wear Simulation of a Brake Block

Analyzing wear mechanisms and developments of surface layers in WC/Co-cemented carbide cutting inserts is of great importance for metal-cutting manufacturing. By knowing relevant processes within the surface layers of cutting tools during machining the choice of machining parameters can be influenced to get less wear and high tool life of the cutting tool. Tool wear obviously influences tool life and surface integrity of the workpiece (residual stresses, surface quality, work hardening, etc.), so the choice of optimised process parameters is of great relevance. Vapour-deposited coatings on WC/Co-cemented carbide cutting inserts are known to improve machining performance and tool life, but the mechanisms behind these improvements are not fully understood. The interaction between commercial TiN-coated and uncoated WC/Co-cemented carbide cutting inserts and a normalised SAE 1045 steel workpiece was investigated during a dry plain turning operation with constant material removal under varied machining parameters. Tool wear was assessed by light-optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and EDX analysis. The state of surface layer was investigated by metallographic sectioning. Microstructural changes and material transfer due to tribological processes in the cutting zone were examined by SEM and EDX analyses.

Johannes K&#xfc;mmel

Katja Poser

Frederik Zanger

J&#xfc;rgen Michna

Volker Schulze

Surface Layer States of Worn Uncoated and TiN-Coated WC/Co-Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools after Dry Plain Turning of Carbon Steel

The aim of this work is related to an analysis of journal bearings lubrication using non-Newtonian fluids which are described by a power-law model. The performance characteristics of the journal bearings are determined for various values of the non-Newtonian power-law index &#x201c;<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.6625004px;" id="M1" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6625004 7.9499998" width="8.6625004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D45B" d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2&#xA;q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x201d; which is equal to: 0.9, 1, and 1.1. Obtained numerical results show that for the dilatant fluids (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:36.237499px;" id="M2" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 36.237499 11.125" width="36.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><path id="x3E" d="M512 230l-437 -233v58l378 199v2l-378 200v58l437 -233v-51z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>), the load-carrying capacity, the pressure, the temperature, and the frictional force increased while for the pseudo-plastic fluids (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:36.237499px;" id="M3" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 36.237499 11.125" width="36.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) they decreased. The influence of the thermal effects on these characteristics is important at higher values of the flow behavior index &#x201c;<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:8.6625004px;" id="M4" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6625004 7.9499998" width="8.6625004"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g>

		
	
</svg>.&#x201d; Obtained results are compared to those obtained by others. Good agreement is observed between the different results.

Abdessamed Nessil

Salah Larbi

Hacene Belhaneche

Maamar Malki

Journal Bearings Lubrication Aspect Analysis Using Non-Newtonian Fluids

Density functional theory- (DFT-) based ab initio calculations  were used to investigate the surface-to-surface interaction and frictional behavior of two hydrogenated C(100) dimer surfaces. A monolayer of hydrogen atoms was applied to the fully relaxed C(100)2x1 surface having rows of C=C dimers with a bond length of 1.39&#x2009;&#xc5;.  The obtained C(100)2x1-H surfaces (C&#x2013;H bond length 1.15&#x2009;&#xc5;) were placed in a large vacuum space and  translated toward each other. A cohesive state at a surface separation of 4.32&#x2009;&#xc5; that is stabilized by approximately 0.42&#x2009;eV was observed. An increase in the charge separation in the surface dimer was calculated    at this separation having a 0.04&#x2009;e   transfer from the hydrogen atom to the carbon atom.  The Mayer bond orders were calculated for the C&#x2013;C and C&#x2013;H bonds and were found to be 0.962 and 0.947, respectively. <i>&#x3c3;</i> C&#x2013;H bonds did not   change substantially from the fully separated state. A significant decrease in the electron density difference between the hydrogen atoms on opposite surfaces was seen and assigned to the effects of Pauli repulsion. The surfaces were translated relative to each other in the (100) plane, and the friction force was obtained as a function of slab spacing,  which yielded a 0.157 coefficient of friction.

Paul M. Jones

Huan Tang

Yiao-Tee Hsia

Xiaoping Yan

James D. Kiely

Junwei Huang

Christopher Platt

Xiaoding Ma

Michael Stirniman

Lang Dinh

Atomistic Frictional Properties of the C(100)2x1-H Surface

Fly ash particles are potentially used in metal matrix composites due to their low cost, low density, and availability in large quantities as  waste by-products in thermal power plants. This study describes multifactor-based experiments that were applied to research and investigation on dry sliding wear system of stir-cast aluminum alloy 6351 with 5, 10, and 15&#x2009;wt.&#x25; fly ash reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). The effects of parameters such as load, sliding speed, and percentage of fly ash on the sliding wear, specific wear rate, and friction coefficient were analyzed using Grey relational analysis on a pin-on-disc machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also employed to investigate which design parameters significantly affect the wear behavior of the composite. The results showed that the applied load exerted the greatest effect on the dry sliding wear followed by the sliding velocity.

M. Uthayakumar

S. Thirumalai Kumaran

S. Aravindan

Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Studies of Fly Ash Reinforced AA-6351 Metal Matrix Composites

The raw and modified versions of two nonedible vegetable oils, Pongam (<i>Pogammia  pinnata</i>) and Jatropha (<i>Jatropha curcas</i>), and a commercially available branded mineral oil are used as straight cutting fluids for turning AA 6061 to assess cutting forces. Minimum quantity lubrication is utilized for the supply of cutting fluids. Cutting and thrust forces are measured. Cutting power is determined for various cutting speeds, depths of cut, and feed rates. Also, drilling is performed on the material to understand the material removal rate (MRR) under these oils. The performances of vegetable oils are compared to mineral oil. A noticeable reduction in cutting forces is observed under the Jatropha family of oils compared to mineral oil. Further, better material removal rate is seen under both the vegetable oils and their versions compared to under petroleum oil for the range of thrust forces.

Y. M. Shashidhara

S. R. Jayaram

Experimental Determination of Cutting Power for Turning and Material Removal Rate for Drilling of AA 6061-T6 Using Vegetable Oils as Cutting Fluid

Little has been published on the behaviour of polymer gears operating under lubricated conditions. An experimental and analytical programme was undertaken to classify the regimes of EHL under which polymer spur gears operate. In doing so theoretical film thicknesses were calculated and then used to classify the regime according to Johnson's Map. The effects of lubrication on the operating efficiencies of high-performance polymer gears were interpreted and from these results coefficients of friction were derived. In addition to this the effect of tooth geometry was investigated and the beneficial influence of high-pressure angle tooth geometry is demonstrated. At loads typically associated with polymer gears the operating regime is shown to be mixed film lubrication. When high-pressure angle gears were tested at high loads the operating regime became full film lubrication and relatively little tooth flank damage occurred.

K. D. Dearn

T. J. Hoskins

L. Andrei

D. Walton

Lubrication Regimes in High-Performance Polymer Spur Gears

About this journal

<p><em>Advances in Tribology</em> publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p><em>Advances in Tribology</em> maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


Editor spotlight

Submit your proposal

Do you think there is an emerging area of research that really needs to be highlighted? Or an existing research area that has been overlooked or would benefit from deeper investigation? Raise the profile of a research area by leading a Special Issue.

Special Issues

Author guidelines

Editorial board

Databases and indexing

Advances in Tribology - Table of contents 2013

title

Advances in Tribology publishes papers on the science of friction, wear, and lubrication. Topics covered include investigations into contact mechanics, wear and damage processes, surface and coating engineering, and lubrication technology.

Advances in Tribology