Triangulation technique for percutaneous access. Fluoroscopic C-arm is moved back and forth between 2 positions, including 1 parallel and 1 oblique to puncture line. A, with C-arm oriented parallel to puncture line, adjustments with access needle (arrows) are made in mediolateral (left/right) direction. Inset, corresponding fluoroscopic image. B, C-arm is rotated to oblique position, and adjustments with access needle are made in cephalad/caudal (up/down) orientation of puncture line. Inset, corresponding fluoroscopic image. (Reprinted with permission from The Journal of Urology, Vol. 178, Miller NL, Matlaga BR, and Lingeman JE. Techniques for Fluoroscopic Percutaneous Renal Access, pp 15–23, Copyright Elsevier 2007.)
