The Strong Protective Effect of Circumcision against Cancer of the Penis

Table 2

Association between phimosis and penile cancer.

Study [ref.]	𝑛/𝑁^∗	OR (95% CI)	Type
Brinton et al. (1991) [99]	44/111	37.2 (11.9–116)	IPC
Tsen et al. (2001) [16]	50/150	1.7 (0.32–7.8)^†	CIS
Tsen et al. (2001) [16]	50/150	16 (4.5–57)^†	IPC
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	33/308	3.8 (1.4–10.1)^†	CIS
Daling et al. (2005) [36]	38/313	11.4 (5.0–25.9)^†	IPC
Velazquez et al. (2003) [98]	23/238	14.5 (5.5–38.4)	Not stated
Harish & Ravi (1995) [100]	503/1006	6.97 (4.3–11.3)^†	Not stated
Hellberg et al. (1987) [101]	217/414	64.6 (30.9–135)	Not stated
Meta-analysis (random effects): OR = 12.1 (95% CI = 5.57–26.2)

*Total cases/total participants; ^†Adjusted odds ratio presented in original study.
IPC, invasive penile carcinoma; CIS, carcinoma in situ.