Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy

Table 1

Participant characteristics.

Parent characteristic	Percentage
Race
Caucasian	94.2
African American	2.2
Latino	1.4
Native American	1.4
Asian/Island pacifiers	.7
* Education
Some college	29.5
Graduate degree	27.5
College degree	25.4
High school degree	10.9
Some graduate studies	6.5
Child characteristics	Percentage
Gender
Male	79.9
Female	19.9
Diagnosis
Autism	56.9
Pervasive developmental disorder: NOS	22.0
Asperger’s disorder	21.2
Sibling with ASD diagnosis
No	83.7
Yes	16.1
Comorbid disorder present
Yes	48.9
No	50.9
Professional who diagnosed child
Developmental pediatrician	37.7
Psychologist	25.4
Neurologist	17.4
Psychiatrist	7.2
Other	3.6
Team of Specialists (e.g., psychologist, developmental pediatrician, neurologist, occupational therapist, and speech therapist)
Other
Hospital/children’s hospital/autism center (e.g., Kennedy Kreiger, Riley’s Children’s Hospital, Kluge Hospital, Radford University Center for Autism, and VCU Children’s Center)	3.6
School	2.2
Primary care physician	1.4
No response	1.4