Farming of Plant-Based Veterinary Vaccines and Their Applications for Disease Prevention in Animals

Table 3

Summary of plant-derived immunogenic veterinary viral antigens tested against disease challenge in target animals.

Target animals	Disease antigens	Protein expressed	Plant host(s)	Expression approach	Findings	References
Mink	Mink enteritis virus	VP2 capsid protein	Black-eyed bean	CVPs using cowpea mosaic virus	Subcutaneous injection of 1 mg of the chimeric virus protected mink against clinical disease and challenge from the virulent virus.	[73]
Rabbit	Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus	VP60 protein	Potato, leaf	Stable transformation	Animals primed subcutaneously with 12 μg of recombinant protein emulsified in oil adjuvant and boosted intramuscularly after 30, 60, and 90 days were protected from challenge with the virulent virus.	[74]
			Potato, tuber	Stable transformation	Rabbits fed with 500 μg of recombinant protein and boosted on 21, 42, and 63 days after primary vaccination were partially protected from challenge with the virulent virus.	[75]
Swine	Transmissible gastroenteritis virus	Envelope spike (S) protein	Maize	Stable transformation	Piglets fed with 2 mg S protein daily for 10 consecutive days prior to challenge showed fewer symptoms of infection than the control group vaccinated with commercial vaccine.	[66]
					Gilts previously primed with commercial vaccine and boosted orally two times, each with 26 mg S protein, showed a significant increase of TGEV neutralizing antibody titer in serum, colostrum, and milk.	[67]
Cloven-hoofed animals	Foot-and-mouth disease virus	VP1 capsid protein	Chenopodium quinoa	CVPs using bamboo mosaic virus	Two intramuscular injections with 5 mg of chimeric virus in SPF pigs at six weeks apart induced neutralizing antibodies and demonstrated a complete protection against challenge.	[76]
Poultry	Newcastle disease virus	Fusion protein	Maize	Stable transformation	Oral feeding of transgenic maize was shown to be immunogenic and conferred complete protection against challenge comparable to that by a commercial vaccine to the chicken.	[68]
	Infectious bronchitis virus	S1 glycoprotein	Potato, tuber	Stable transformation	Day-old chicks fed orally with 57.2 μg of recombinant protein and boosted at 7 and 14 days after were protected from clinical disease and virus shedding upon challenge.	[57]
	Infectious bursal disease virus	VP2 capsid protein	Rice seed	Stable transformation	Oral feeding with 10 mg of recombinant protein protected chicken from challenge with a highly virulent virus, showing a better bursal lesion score compared to chickens that received the live attenuated vaccine.	[69]
			Chenopodium quinoa	CVPs using bamboo mosaic virus	Intramuscular injection with 600 μg chimeric virus in oil adjuvant was shown to induce specific antibodies and protected SPF chickens upon challenge with a very virulent virus strain.	[77]
			Nicotiana benthamiana	Transient expression	Intramuscular injection with 12 μg of recombinant protein emulsified in oil adjuvant with booster doses given at 22 and 35 days later was shown to produce neutralizing antibodies in chickens, with reduced T-cell infiltration into the bursa of Fabricius upon challenge.	[78]