Biofunctional Characteristics of Lignite Fly Ash Modified by Humates: A New Soil Conditioner

<table>Schematic structures of silicate tetrahedral units, <svg height="15.65" id="M15" style="vertical-align:-3.3907pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 19.387501 15.65" width="19.387501" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.362)"><path d="M720 -138l-8 -21q-67 -1 -128 15q-71 19 -229 130q-125 7 -208 87q-47 44 -75 107t-28 135q0 93 39.5 172t118.5 128.5t182 49.5q130 0 224.5 -94t94.5 -240q0 -126 -65.5 -212.5t-161.5 -116.5q123 -85 244 -140zM348 25l68 22l13 -9.5t14 -9.5q66 19 112 90t46 184
q0 152 -67.5 239.5t-173.5 87.5q-89 0 -151.5 -75.5t-62.5 -211.5q0 -126 56.5 -212.5t145.5 -104.5z" id="x51"></path></g>
<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.725,15.45)"><path d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2
q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" id="x1D45B"></path></g>
</svg>, with <svg height="7.9499998" id="M16" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 8.6625004 7.9499998" width="8.6625004" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2
q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" id="x1D45B"></path></g>
</svg> denoting the number of oxygen atoms bridging two silicon centers (<svg height="11.7625" id="M17" style="vertical-align:-0.4095pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 13.975 11.7625" width="13.975" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.2)"><path d="M754 617l-97 -96q78 -89 78 -209q0 -134 -96 -228.5t-232 -94.5q-119 0 -211 76l-97 -95l-38 38l96 95q-77 90 -77 209q0 134 95.5 229t231.5 95q121 0 212 -77l97 96zM677 312q0 96 -59 171l-384 -380q75 -64 173 -64q112 0 191 80t79 193zM581 522q-75 64 -174 64
q-112 0 -190.5 -80.5t-78.5 -193.5q0 -94 58 -170z" id="x2205"></path></g>
</svg> = bridging oxygen atom).</table>

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

fig3

Figure 3

Figure 3: Biofunctional Characteristics of Lignite Fly Ash Modified by Humates: A New Soil Conditioner 