Concave Urinary Crystallines: Direct Evidence of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Dissolution by Citrate In Vivo

Figure 4

Comparison between the properties of urine and urinary crystals from healthy control individuals and patients with CaOx calculi before and after K₃cit intake. (a) Excretion amount of citrate; (b) excretion amount of GAGs; (c) urinary pH; (d) zeta potential (𝑛=30).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)