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Molecular tool | Observations in clinical or experimental studies | References |
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Natural receptor ligands | | |
JAG2-expressing hematopoietic progenitor cells | Activation of Notch3 signalling with increased Treg proliferation and prevention of diabetes in NOD mice. | [63] |
Fusion proteins of natural ligands and Fc-Ig | DLL1-IgG-Fc has been used for expansion of human umbilical cord stem cell expansion; cells caused no unexpected toxicity and contributed to long-term engraftment. Could be used for transplantation. | [116] |
JAG1- and DLL2-Fc fusion proteins | Both types of fusion proteins have shown immunomodulatory effects in experimental murine disease models. | [8, 68] |
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Receptor- or ligand-directed antibodies | | |
Agonistic antibodies | Agonistic antibodies have been identified for their reactivity against Notch2 or Notch3. | [117, 118] |
Antagonistic antibodies directed against Notch | Several antagonistic Notch1-, Notch2- or Notch3-directed antibodies have been tested in vitro and in vivo. | [8, 58, 117, 119, 120] |
Antagonistic antibodies directed against Notch ligands | Both DLL- and JAG1- specific antibodies show immunomodulatory effects in murine disease models. | [8, 68] |
DLL1 neutralizing antibodies | Reduced Th1 responses and improvement of EAE symptoms. | [8, 68] |
DLL4 neutralizing antibodies | In CSC-driven colon and breast xenograft models, anti-human DLL4-blocking antibodies inhibited tumour growth and reduced tumour-initiating cell frequencies. | [121] |
Antibodies that inhibit the transcription-regulating complex | Development of such antibodies could inhibit parts of the Notch-initiating effects and possibly limit the toxicity. | [122] |
Activating JAG1-Fc fusion protein | Improvement of EAE symptoms. | [8, 68] |
Activating DLL2-Fc fusion protein | Increased Th1 responses and progression of EAE symptoms. | [8, 68] |
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Inhibition of intracellular signalling | | |
γ-secretase inhibitor | Reduced Notch1 signalling and FoxP3 expression in Treg cells in murine disease models. | [58, 61, 67] |
Proteasome inhibitors | Inhibition of noncanonical Notch signalling. | [2, 10, 123, 124] |
Inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway | Inhibition of noncanonical Notch signalling. | [2, 10, 48] |
Peptide that inhibits assembly of the transcription-regulating complex | The small hydrocarbond-staple peptide SAHM1 inhibits Notch signalling in vitro. | [122] |
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