Abstract
Human thymosin alpha 1 (T1) is an important peptide in the development and senescence of immunological competence in human, and many studies have reported the expression of this peptide. In this study, we designed and synthesized the gene according to the E. coli codon usage preference and constructed a 6T1 concatemer. The latter was inserted into an E. coli expression vector pET-22b (+), and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). After induction with IPTG, the concatemer protein was successfully expressed in E. coli then cleaved by hydroxylamine to release the T1 monomer. Gly-SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry confirmed that the recombinant protein was cleaved as intended. The bioactivity of the T1 monomer was analyzed by lymphocyte proliferation and by mitochondrial activity in two different tumor cell lines. This study provides a description of the preparation of a bioactive T1, which may prove useful in future biomedical research.
1. Introduction
Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), a 28-amino-acid peptide with molecular weight (MW) of 3108 Da, was first isolated from calf thymus in 1977 by Goldstein et al. [1, 2]. Tα1 is mainly produced in vivo by thymic epithelial cells and is stable at 80–90°C [3]. Tα1 has no aromatic amino acids (see Figure 1), and N-acetylation is important for protecting towards proteolysis. Tα1 plays a role against viral infection, against tumors, and in immunomodulation. Upon stimulation of Tα1, T cells become mature in vitro and express IL-2, IL-2R, and CD2 [4, 5]. Tα1 inhibits viral replication at least in hepatitis virus B-transfected HepG2 tumor cells [6, 7]. In addition, Tα1 antagonizes T cell apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, CD3 monoclonal antibody treatment [8], or addition of sera from tumor-bearing mice [9]. It also downregulates tumor weight in mice [10], enhances major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen expression in tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells [11–13], and partly restores cellular immunity [14]. Tα1 is used in combination with IFN-α for patients with chronic hepatitis virus B or C infection [15, 16]. Tα1 is used to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy [17]. Recently, Tα1 has even been used as an adjuvant for vaccines against influenza and hepatitis B [18].
In the past two decades, although the successful expression of the recombinant Tα1 (r Tα1) and Prothymosin (thymosin comprises the N-terminus of Prothymosin) in Escherichia coli has been reported [19, 20]. However, Tα1 was expressed with a fusion protein or in a concatemer form [21, 22]. The expression of the Tα1 monomer peptide has not been reported, because it is difficult to extract the micromolecular peptide from the fermentation broth. The fusion protein must be removed because fusion protein could influence the bioactivity of the peptide. The concatemer protein has not been processed further. All of these issues made it difficult to prepare active recombinant Tα1. In this study, we have expressed Tα1 concatemer protein and cleaved the concatemer protein with hydroxylamine to obtain active Tα1 monomer peptide.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The pET-22b (+) vector, E. coli BL21 (DE3) (hsdS gal [λcIts857 ind1 Sam7 nin5 lacUV5-T7]), the HepG2 liver carcinoma cell line, and the SPC-A-1 lung carcinoma cell line were kindly provided by Institute of Biochemistry and Cell biology (Shanghai, CAS, China). E. coli BL21 cells were maintained in Luria-Bertani (LB). HepG2 and SPC-A-1 cells were cultured in RMPI 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum in humidified air at 37°C with 5% C. Lymphocytes were isolated from adult mouse spleens (BAL/C) and cultured in RMPI 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum in humidified air at 37°C with 5% C. Synthesized Tα1 (Sinopep Pharmaceutical, Inc., Hangzhou, China.) was supplied as purified, endotoxin-free. The synthesized Tα1 and the cleaved Tα1 were dissolved in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS pH 7.2) at 1 mg/mL (approximately mol/L) and then sterilized with a 0.22 m filter.
2.2. Synthesis of the Tα1 Concatemer
Two single strand DNA oligomers encoding the entire thymosin alpha peptide (synthesized by Songon, Shanghai, China.), partially complementary to each other (as indicated by the underlined sequences) were synthesized. We used codons that were preferred in E. coli.
THY-F: GTCGACATGGGATCCAACGGTTCTGATGCTGCTGTAGATACTTCTTCTGAGATTACTACTAAAGACCTAA
THY-R: CTCGAGTCAAGATCTCCCGTTCTCAGCCTCTTCGACAACTTCCTTCTTCTCCTTTAGGTCTTTAGTAGTA
The 2 oligonucleotides were mixed and denatured by incubation at 94°C for 10 minutes, and subsequently annealed at 60°C for 10 minutes in presence of TaqPlus (BBI, Toronto, Canada). The desired double-strand DNA was treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (BBI, Toronto, Canada) and cloned into the cloning vector pUCm-T (BBI, Toronto, Canada).
The plasmid (pUCm-T-Tα1, pT-Tα1) containing the Tα1 gene was digested with BamH I/Xho I or Bgl II/Xho I, respectively. The digested fragments containing the coding sequence of Tα1 were ligated with T4 DNA Ligase for 16 hours at 4°C to produce the concatemer Tα1 gene of 2 repeats (pT-Tα12). When the plasmid was digested with isocaudamer BamHI (G∗CTAG C) and Bgl II (A∗GATC T), the 2 fragments had similar termini. When the 2 fragments were catalyzed with T4 DNA Ligase the new sequence formed was GGATCT, and this new site could not be digested by BamH I or Bgl II (see Figure 2).
Using a pT-Tα12 plasmid, plasmids containing concatemer 4 repeats (pT-Tα14) of the Tα1 gene were prepared as described above. Using a pT-Tα12 plasmid and a pT-Tα14 plasmid, the preparation of plasmids containing concatemer 6 repeats (pT-Tα16) was the same as pT-Tα12 plasmid.
Finally, a fragment containing the concatemer Tα1 gene of 6 repeats was constructed and inserted into expression vector pET-22b (+), between the restriction endonuclease recognition sites Hind III and Nde I.
2.3. Expression and Purification of Tα1 Concatemer Protein
A single bacterial colony containing pET-22b (+)-Tα1 was grown overnight at 37°C in 5 mL LB medium with 50 g/mL Ampicillin (BBI, Toronto, Canada). The overnight culture was inoculated into 250 mL LB medium in a 1 L flask with 50 g/ml Ampicillin. After 2 hours of incubation, isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG; BBI, Canada) was added to the culture at a final concentration of 1.0 mM, when the cell density had reached O 0.6. After incubation at 37°C for 8 hours, the bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation (5000 g, 15 minutes) at 4°C. The inducibility of the concatemer gene was determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (data not shown).
The cell pellet was resuspended in 100 mL buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM EDTA [pH 8.0], and 0.1 M NaCl) and then sonicated (800 W, 20 minutes). After sonication, the sedimented material (containing the concatemer protein) was washed once first with 100 mL buffer B (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), and 0.5% Triton-X 100) and then with 100 mL buffer C (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), and 2 M urea) by centrifugation. The sedimented material was then dissolved in 100 mL buffer D (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 1 mM EDTA [pH 8.0], and 8 M urea) with stirring for 1 hour at 25°C. The soluble protein was then dialyzed (Dialysis Membrane MWCO 10 000, SPECTRUM, Tex, USA) with double distilled O and cryodesiccated.
2.4. Hydroxylamine Cleavage Reaction and Analysis of Cleavage Products
The concatemer protein was then cleaved with hydroxylamine. The cleavage sites are shown in Figure 3. The cleavage buffer [21] contained 0.1 M trizma base and 2.0 M hydroxylamine-HCl. The pH of the cleavage buffer was adjusted with 5 M NaOH solution to a pH of 9.0, and the reaction was performed at 45°C for 4 hours. The reaction was terminated by adjusting the pH to 4.0 with concentrated formic acid and cooling to 4°C [21]. Using Sephadex-G25 (GE) column chromatography, the products of cleavage were desalted. Column chromatography revealed 2 peaks; one peak corresponded to the Tα1 monomer and the other contained the incompletely cleaved concatemer protein. The molecular mass of the Tα1 monomer was analyzed by Gly-SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry.
2.5. Assay for Proliferation of Mice Splenic Lymphocytes
The proliferation response of splenocytes was determined by MTT assay [23]. Spleens were removed from mice and dispersed through nylon mesh to generate a single-cell suspension. Cells were pelleted (1500 g, 6 minutes), and the cell pellet was resuspended in erythrocyte lysis solution (0.15 M NCl, 0.02 M Tris, sterilized with a 0.22 m filter) for 5 minutes to remove the red cells. After lysis, the cell suspension was incubated in a culture flask for 2 hours, and then the suspension was transferred to a new flask. Splenic macrophages adhered to the flask; this procedure enriched for lymphocytes.
Splenic lymphocytes were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium with 5 g/mL concanavalin A (ConA; BBI, Canada) for 12 hours, and then harvested by centrifugation (1500 g, 6 minutes). The cell pellet was resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium at a concentration of cells/mL. A 96-well culture plate (Costar, Inc., Calif, USA) was used for incubation of 180 L lymphocytes in RPMI 1640 medium. 50 g/mL of the proteins (cleaved Tα1 and synthesized Tα1) were added to the wells. After 24-hour or 48-hour incubation at 37°C, 20 L of MTT (0.5 mg/mL), solution was added to each well, and the microplates were incubated for 4 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the plates were centrifuged (1400 g, 18°C, 10 minutes). The supernatants were removed, and 200 L of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to each well and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, the solubilized reduced MTT was measured colorimetrically at 570 nm using a Benchmark microculture plate reader (Bio-Rad, Calif, USA).
2.6. Assay for Mitochondrial Activity of HepG2 and SPC-A-1 Cells
The influence of Tα1 on mitochondrial activity was measured using MTT reduction, a common experimental method to quantify mitochondrial activity. The cells were seeded in a 96-well culture plate at cells/mL. After 24-hour, 48-hour, and 72-hour exposures to Tα1 at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, the cells were incubated with MTT (0.5 mg/mL) for 4 hours at 37°C. The formazan precipitate was then dissolved in 200 L DMSO, and absorbance at 570 nm was measured using the Benchmark microculture plate reader (Bio-Rad, Calif, USA).
2.7. Statistic Analysis
The data are presented as mean ±SEM, for at least 3 replicate experiments and evaluated using the Student's -test. -values below 0.05 were regarded as statistically significance (two-tailed test).
3. Results
Hydroxylamine-induced cleavage at the Asp-Gly dipeptide site inserted between the 2 moieties of recombinant fusion proteins had been used for both analysis and preparation of mature protein. Cleavage occurs at the Asn-Gly bonds and results from the tendency of the Asp side chain to cyclize the formation of a substituted succinimide that is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by hydroxylamine. The infrequency of Asn-Gly bonds in most proteins results in the production of very large fragments that may overlap CNBr-produced fragments [24]. In the complete amino acid sequence of Tα1 [1] (see Figure 1), only 1 Asp was found at the C-terminus. However, the hydroxylamine-induced cleavage process was performed conveniently. Hydroxylamine-induced cleavage is high specificity and safe, however, the efficiency of hydroxylamine cleavage is low. So we expressed a concatemer protein of 6 repeats of Tα1 to increase the yield of Tα1 after cleavage and to decrease the cleavage sites.
3.1. Characterization of Recombinant Concatemer Protein
The optimal conditions for inducing production of recombinant concatemer protein were at an IPTG concentration of 1.0 mM 37°C for 8 hours. Under these conditions, the recombinant protein (~23 kD) comprised 31% of the total bacterial protein (see Figure 4(a)). The concatemer protein was identified primarily in the inclusion bodies (see Figure 4(b)).
(a)
(b)
3.2. Analysis of the Products of Hydroxylamine Cleavage
G-25 column chromatography was used to not only desalt but also remove the incompletely cleaved concatemer protein. Because the molecular weight of the Tα1 monomer was ~3.1 kD, it could enter the G-25 gel. However, the incompletely cleaved concatemer proteins, including 2Tα1 (~7 kD), 3Tα1 (~11 kD), 4Tα1 (~15 kD), 5Tα1 (~19 kD), and 6Tα1 (~23 kD), could not enter the G-25 gel because the gel only allows the entry of molecules <5 kD. The Gly-SDS-PAGE could satisfactorily separate polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 3.5 to 68.0 kD with good linearity, and demonstrated the successful hydroxylamine-induced cleavage of the concatemer proteins (see Figure 5). However, not all the concatemer proteins were cleaved, and the incompletely cleaved proteins could be completely cleaved by another reaction (data not shown).
MS was performed to analyze the exact molecular weights of the products and the synthesized Tα1. The result showed that the products had only 1 peak of m/z =1042.19, while the synthesized Tα1 had 2 peaks of m/z = 1037.80 and 1555.06 (see Figure 6). The molecular weight of the synthesized Tα1 was found to be approximately 3108 Da, it was assumed that the peptide might attach 2 or 3 protons [(1037.80−1) 3 = 3110.4; (1555.06−1) 2 = 3108.12]. Therefore, the cleaved Tα1 was believed to attach 3 protons, and the molecular weight of the products was approximately 3123.57 [(1042.19-1) 3 = 3123.57]. The difference in the molecular weights between the cleaved Tα1 and the synthesized Tα1 was approximately 15. According to a previous research [24], the structural difference between the products and the synthesized Tα1 was a –NH added to the N-terminus of the cleaved peptide (see Figure 9).
(a)
(b)
3.3. Tα1 Cleaved by Hydroxylamine Stimulated the Proliferation of Mice Splenic Lymphocytes
To determine the bioactivity of the Tα1 monomer on lymphocyte proliferation, the mitochondrial activity was compared in the presence with the absence of the Tα1. The bioactivity of Tα1 preparations was analyzed by MTT assay. Preliminary results showed that the peptides could stimulate the mice spleen lymphocyte proliferation [22]. After a 24-hour treatment with Tα1 cleaved by hydroxylamine, mitochondrial activity was upgraded to 119.1% and after 48 hours, it was 110.4%.The numbers of the synthesized Tα1 were 117.5% and 116.0% at 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively (see Figure 7). Both of the peptide preparations could stimulate the proliferation of mice spleen lymphocytes to a similar degree.
3.4. Tα1 Cleaved by Hydroxylamine Exhibits Decreased Mitochondrial Activity in SPC-A-1 and HepG2 Cells
In this study, we used human liver tumor cells HepG2 and human lung tumor cells SPC-A-1 as model, because the liver tumor and lung tumor are the most general tumor. To determine the role of mitochondria during incubation, the mitochondrial activity was examined. After the treatment with the cleaved Tα1 for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, the mitochondrial activity of the SPC-A-1 cells decreased to 82.4%, 27.1%, 11.6%, respectively, and the corresponding activities with synthesized Tα1 were 62.0%, 15.1%, and 9.8%, respectively. On the other hand, after the treatment for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, the mitochondrial activity of HepG2 cells decreased to 86.6%, 18.4%, and 10.4%, respectively, and corresponding activities with the synthesized Tα1 were 59.2%, 13.1%, and 10.0%, respectively (see Figure 8). Both of the peptide preparations decreased the mitochondrial activity remarkably, as compared to the control. The difference in the activity between the 2 peptides was not significant; however, the process of synthesizing Tα1 was rather intricate.
(a)
(b)
(a) Cleaved Tα1
(b) Synthesized Tα1
4. Discussion
The requirements of Tα1 for clinical applications are increasing. For clinical use, Tα1 is mainly obtained by chemical synthesis and animal thymus extraction. However, in fact, Tα1 from an animal is often impure and may therefore cause heterogeneous allergy. Although chemically synthesized Tα1 can reach a high level of purity, it is necessary to eliminate the side products at each step, including incorrect joining and dextral compounds. The longer the peptide is, the more intricate the chemical synthesis process becomes. Tα1 comprises 28 amino acid residues, and its chemical synthesis incurs a high production cost [19]. Prokaryotic expression systems allow for high expression of foreign genes and are widely used for producing large amounts of proteins or peptides. In this research, using a prokaryotic expression system BL21 (DE3)/pET-22b (+), we have established a new method to obtain relatively pure and large quantities of Tα1.
When the plasmid was digested with isocaudamer BamH I (G*CTAG C) and Bgl II (A*GATC T), the 2 fragments had similar termini. When the 2 fragments were catalyzed with T4 DNA Ligase, the new sequence formed was GGATCT, and this new site could not be digested by BamH I or Bgl II (see Figure 2). Therefore, the new 2 concatemer gene could not be destroyed when the 4 concatemer gene was constructed. The new site GGATCT corresponded to the dipeptide Gly-Ser, located at the downstream of the Tα1 gene. When concatemer protein was cleaved with hydroxylamine, the downstream amino acid of Tα1 peptide was removed from this Gly site. When the cleavage reaction proceeded, the upstream amino acid of Tα1 peptide was removed from another Gly site, which was added in front of the Tα1 peptide.
It is common knowledge that extraction of the micromolecular recombinant peptide from fermentation broth is difficult, when Tα1 is expressed alone. Generally, a fusion protein is used under these circumstances, for example, a DsbA fusion protein [25]. However, the fusion protein must be removed because the peptide might be inactive, and this process incurs a high production cost. The concatemer protein of 6 repeats—6Tα1—was prepared in this research to avoid the use of a fusion protein when expressing the recombinant protein, but the number of the repeats was not unique. Proteins with 4, 8, 12, and so forth repeats could also be constructed. The longer the concatemer protein is, the greater the yield of the Tα1 monomer is. On the other hand, when a concatemer protein with more repeats is cleaved, the amount of the incompletely cleaved protein also increases (see Figure 5). However, these incompletely cleaved proteins can be cleaved by other 1 or 2 rounds of hydroxylamine cleavage.
Hydroxylamine was used to cleave the Asn-Gly peptide bond between the fusion protein and target protein [26]. In this study, hydroxylamine was used to cleave the concatemer protein of 6Tα1 to release the Tα1 monomer. While chemical cleavage methods use relatively inexpensive and widely available reagents, cleavage conditions are often relatively harsh and amino acid side-chain modifications may occur. This is especially true when hydroxylamine is used to cleave the Asn-Gly peptide linkages as other Asn or Gln residues can be modified to their hydroxamic acid forms [26]. Because the Tα1 peptide does not contain Gln, Met, or other Asn, chemical heterogeneity dose not occur by conversion of the Gln or Asn to their hydroxamate forms. Moreover, there is no possibility of chemical heterogeneity by conversion of Met to its oxidized forms [27].
After hydroxylamine cleavage, a Gly remained at the N-terminus of Tα1. However, the natural Tα1 had an acetylated NH-terminal (see Figure 9). The molecular weight difference between the 2 groups was 15 Da, but there was no significant difference between the 2 bands revealed by the Gly-SDS-PAGE (see Figure 5). Hence, we used an MS to analyze the exact molecular weights of the 2 peptides. The result showed a difference was 15 Da (3123−3108 Da) (see Figure 6), indicating that the concatemer protein was cleaved satisfactorily.
To investigate the influence of the extra imino group on the Tα1, we compared the antitumor and immunomodulation activities between the synthesized Tα1 and the cleaved Tα1. The results showed no significant difference between the 2 peptides. Furthermore, we found that Tα1 was able to depress the prolife ration of HepG2 cells by downregulating the oxidative stress (data not shown). Jörnvall [28] had analyzed 40 known α-amino-acetylated polypeptide chains and postulated that acetylation occurs during an early posttranslational stage and may have particular importance in this regard. However, the structural or functional significance of the N-terminal acetylation of Tα1 is not known, and a protective function of acetylation with regard to proteolysis is possible [1]. The change in the N-terminus of cleaved peptides might not influence the bioactivity of Tα1; however, it might influence the stability in vivo.
In summary, Tα1 with a novel structure was prepared via the expression and hydroxylamine cleavage of a Tα1 concatemer protein. This novel Tα1 could perform proliferation of mice splenic lymphocytes activities, identical to the natural Tα1. This study would provide the basis for the preparation of active Tα1 and other peptides.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a grant from National Innovation Fund for Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (no. 03C26213300586).