Alterations in Adenylate Kinase Activity in Human PBMCs after In Vitro Exposure to Electromagnetic Field: Comparison between Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field (ELF) and Therapeutic Application of a Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Field (TAMMEF)

Albanese, Antonietta; Battisti, Emilio; Vannoni, Daniela; Aceto, Emilia; Galassi, Gianmichele; Giglioni, Stefania; Tommassini, Valentina; Giordano, Nicola

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/717941

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2009 | Article ID 717941 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/717941

Alterations in Adenylate Kinase Activity in Human PBMCs after In Vitro Exposure to Electromagnetic Field: Comparison between Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field (ELF) and Therapeutic Application of a Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Field (TAMMEF)

Antonietta Albanese,¹Emilio Battisti,¹Daniela Vannoni,²Emilia Aceto,²Gianmichele Galassi,¹Stefania Giglioni,²Valentina Tommassini,²and Nicola Giordano²

Academic Editor: Richard Gomer

Received12 Mar 2009

Revised20 May 2009

Accepted07 Jul 2009

Published16 Sept 2009

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of electromagnetic fields on enzymes involved in purine metabolism in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Cells were obtained from 20 volunteers. We tested both low-energy, extremely low frequency (ELF; 100-Hz) electromagnetic fields and the Therapeutic Application of Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Fields (TAMMEFs); the latter is characterized by variable frequencies, intensities, and wave shapes. Adenylate kinase activity was increased after ELF field exposure but decreased slightly after TAMMEF exposure. Neither of the two electromagnetic field affected the activities of the purine metabolism enzymes ecto--nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and adenosine kinase. We concluded that ELF fields may influence cellular electrical charge stability; stimulation of adenylate kinase activity could restore the cell to a state of equilibrium. In contrast, TAMMEF fields may be useful for maintaining and regulating the cellular electrical charge.

1. Introduction

The effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on simple systems, such as colloids, particles in solution, and on living matter, have been investigated for many years [1–3]. While high-frequency EMFs produce microvibrations in the molecules that have been interpreted as resonance phenomena, ELFs induce slight and more modest actions [4–6]. Despite the large number of studies regarding the effects of EMFs, there is no consensus on the effects of pulsed EMFs on different biological targets. It is possible that EMFs with different characteristics, such as different waveforms, frequencies, and intensities, may have different or even opposing effects on cells. Interest on the effects of EMFs has greatly increased in recent years, especially in terms of their possible effects, their potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, a comprehensive understanding is lacking about which frequency has the most positive effects and causes the least damage to living matter, or even to simple molecules. It is impossible to investigate the entire range of ELF EMFs: systematic exploration would require a limitless number of tests and could be impractical in terms of workload. However, it is possible to compare the effects of a specific EMF to a comprehensive reference EMF with parameters that change with time; such a reference EMF would involve combinations of different parameters.

At Physics Department of the University of Siena in Italy, a new system has been pioneered, termed the “Therapeutic Application of Musically Modulated Electromagnetic Field’’ or TAMMEF system, in which a large spectrum of low frequency EMFs are generated. The frequency, wave shape, and wave induction of the EMF varies using the TAMMEF system because the EMF is generated by a musical piece. This apparatus has been used in our institution for several years for therapeutic purposes, that is, to treat patients affected by several diseases, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of TAMMEF have been demonstrated [7–10].

Many published studies have examined the effects of EMFs on cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, cellular differentiation, metabolism, and other physiological characteristics [11]. Although it is unlikely that ELF EMFs themselves have genotoxic effects, it is possible that some cellular processes are altered upon exposure to EMF.

In this study, we investigated and compared the in vitro effects of 100 Hz ELF EMF and the new TAMMEF system on cellular metabolism. The study was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 healthy volunteers; these cells were used frequently in these studies because they are well characterized and relatively easy to obtain [12–15]. Specifically, we evaluated total cellular protein content and the activity of some key enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism after exposure to EMFs. We chose to examine nucleotide metabolism because nucleotides are precursors of DNA and RNA, and the relationship of changes in nucleotide metabolism with some pathologies and drug interactions has been studied extensively [16–20]. The enzymes ecto--nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) (ecto--NT), adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) (ADA), and adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) (AdK) play important roles in intracellular adenosine homeostasis, while adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3) (AK) regulates the cellular electrical charge [21–24].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Magnetic Field Production

A schematic drawing of the instruments used to generate ELF EMFs and TAMMEFs are shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Block diagram of the instruments used to generate ELF EMFs and TAMMEFs. The current produced by the audiotape is connected to the inputs of two amplifiers. The outgoing current from Amplifier M goes into electromagnets that generate the field (ELF or TAMMEF); the outgoing current from Amplifier A leads to a speaker, so that the piece can be contemporary listened. The two channels are separated because they have to be independent. The gain of Amplifier M is adjusted during the calibration phase and is then kept at a fixed setting. This ensures that changes in the EMF depend only on the pilot signal. The gain of Amplifier A, which determines the sound intensity, is adaptable to changing needs.

The EMF apparatus consisted of an audiotape player that sends a monochannel-microphone signal to 2 low-frequency amplifiers, A and M, both with adjustable gain. The ELF field was modulated at a frequency of 100 Hz and was generated by an opposing pair of heteronomous polar expansions that made up the characteristic spatial conformation of the setup. The polar expansions consisted of the sides of two iron-silicon nuclei ( cm) joined by a ferromagnetic arc. The coils (4.5 cm long) consisted of 900 turns of copper wire (0.7 mm in diameter). The alternating current power supply was regulated to maintain the effective value of the oscillation amplitude at 10 gauss at the midpoint of the interpolar distance (30 cm).

The TAMMEF apparatus was similar to the ELF apparatus; however, the audiotape contained a different signal, that is, a musical passage, which produced a suitably modulated EMF with varying frequencies and varying waveforms. We generally used a piece of classical music (i.e., Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto number 2 in C minor Op.18 for piano and orchestra) to generate a microphone signal, with the current from the amplifier going to a loudspeaker that played the musical passage, so that the piece can be contemporary listened during the therapy (in fact, it seems that the listening of the musical piece add a positive psychological effect to the EMF therapy).

The EMF generated in this way had characteristics that varied with time according to the musical signal; by simply changing the music, we could produce fields with varying frequencies, intensities, and wave shapes. Figure 1 shows representative ELF and TAMMEF signals.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1

The ELF was produced by alternating-current electromagnets. The waveform was sinusoidal with a frequency of 100 Hz; the amplitude was adjusted according to the distance between the polar expansions (a). The TAMMEF was produced by supplying the electromagnets with an outgoing current from an amplifier driven by a signal from recorded music (b). The signal shown in (b) contains extremely variable frequencies, amplitudes, and waveforms, and was generated by playing Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto number 2 in C minor Op.18 for piano and orchestra, the same used in the experiment. The oscillations are close together because the predominant frequencies are in the thousands of hertz.

To conduct an experiment, a 75-cm² flask containing the biological sample (about cells) was positioned between the polar expansions in order to be directly in the generated EMF. The resulting functional modifications in the cellular microenvironment depended not only on the particular microenvironment or the EMF but also on changes in the field due to the responses of the cells. Figure 2 shows the position of the flask containing PBMCs during the 30-minute exposure to the EMF.

(a)

(b)

2.2. Cell Preparation

The research protocol was approved by our local ethics committee, and each blood donor provided informed written consent. Blood was donated by 20 healthy subjects, 10 males and 10 females, aged 25–45 years old. Fresh aliquots of Na-citrate blood (30 mL) were added to Histopaque 1077 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo, USA) and centrifuged (30 minutes, , 4°C, according to the protocol developed in our laboratory). The PBMC layer was removed and washed with a lyses mixture consisting of 155 mM NH₄Cl, 10 mM KHCO₃, and 0.1 EDTA for the lyses of the residual erythrocytes. We obtained five samples of PBMCs, from pools of 4 individuals, to diminish the effects of individual variation. The cells in each sample were counted using a Bürker chamber, divided equally into 4 aliquots of about cells (one for each condition; described hereafter) then transferred to 75-cm² flasks containing DMEM and 10% FBS. Cells were incubated in a controlled atmosphere (5% CO₂, 95% air), with controlled humidity and temperature conditions (37°C) for 24–48 hours, until treatment. Prior and at the end of the treatment with EMFs, cell survival was monitored using the alamarBlue assay (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif, USA), which utilizes a water-soluble fluorimetric indicator based on a REDOX fluorescence indicator read at 590 nm.

Cells that were not removed from the incubator (termed “T0’’ cells, as these cells represent the pretreatment controls) and cells that were removed from the incubator but not exposed to EMFs (termed “control’’ cells) served as the two reference controls. Other cells were exposed to either ELF EMFs or to TAMMEFs for 30 minutes. After treatment (or after 30 minutes for the T0 and control cells), the cells were submerged in an ultrasound bath for 10 seconds, ultracentrifuged for 60 minutes at 50,, and aliquots of the supernatants were assayed for enzymatic activity [25, 26].

2.3. Enzyme Assays

To test for ADA activity: reactions contained 0.1 mM adenosine, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), and supernatant (15–30 g protein). To test for ecto-5-NT activity: reactions contained 0.1 mM AMP, 5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), and supernatant (15–30 g protein). Samples were incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C, and the reactions were stopped by adding 0.2 N HClO₄; after centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4°C, supernatants were neutralized with 0.2 N KOH, centrifuged to remove potassium perchlorate, and subjected to capillary electrophoresis analysis for quantification of the products. A multiple wavelength Biofocus 3000 Capillary Electrophoresis System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif, USA) was used with an uncoated silica capillary (40 cm 50 m id). The separation was performed with 20 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 10) and followed by UV detector at 254 nm. Reaction products were identified on the basis of their retention times compared to standards analyzed under the same conditions.

To test for AdK activity: the reactions contained 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.018 mM ¹⁴[C]Ado (58 mCi/mmole), 1 mM ATP, 0.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.005 mM erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA), 0.1 mM adenosine -(,-methylene)-diphosphate (AMP-CP), and supernatant (45–60 g protein). EHNA and AMP-CP inhibit adenosine deaminase and nucleotidase, respectively, enzymes from PBMC that are involved in purine metabolism and that can alter assay results by consuming the assay substrate. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 10 minutes at 37°C, then stopped by heating at 100°C for 1 minute. After centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes, 0.05 mL of cleared supernatant was injected into the HPLC apparatus to separate the labeled products. We used a Vista 5500 instrument (Varian, Palo Alto, Calif,USA), equipped with a UV detector at 254 nm and a Supelcosil C₁₈ column 5 m ( mm); the products were eluted with 92% 10 mM KH₂PO₄ (pH 5.5) buffer and 8% ethanol at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The labeled AMP was eluted from the chromatographic column, collected, added to scintillation liquid, and radioactivity was determined using a 1500 Tri-Carb beta-counter (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif, USA).

To test for AK activity: the reactions contained 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.4), 3 mM MgCl₂, 0.15 M KCl, 3 mM ATP, 0.3 mM phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), 0.22 M NADH, 0.6 IU pyruvate kinase (PK), and 0.6 IU lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and suitable aliquots of supernatant (20–30 g proteins). AK activity was determined using a spectrophotometric method by following the decrement at 340 nm for 15 minutes at 37°C.

The activities of all enzymes were expressed as µmoles of product formed in 1 h/10⁶ cells.

2.4. Protein Determination Assay

Total protein was determined in samples using the Bradford assay [27] with bovine serum albumin as a standard.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used to determine the significance of differences among the groups. Differences between means with were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using PRISM 4.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, Calif, USA).

3. Results

Most (99%) of cells survived treatment with EMFs, which was comparable to survival under control conditions. Table 1 shows the total protein content and ecto--NT, ADA, AdK, and AK enzymatic activities of pooled human PBMCs for T0 and control cells as well as for cells treated with ELF EMFs and TAMMEFs.

The protein content increased after both EMF treatments compared to T0 and control cells, but the increase was not significant. Ecto--NT, ADA, and AdK activity did not differ among the samples. However, AK activity was significantly higher () after ELF EMF treatment, with an increase of about 89% compared to T0 cells and 102% compared to control cells. In contrast, AK activity was slightly reduced (0.2%) after TAMMEF treatment compared to T0 cells. The values shown in Table 1 are also depicted in Figures 3 and 4 as histograms in order to better illustrate the differences between the groups.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. Discussion

In the present study, we evaluated the influence of ELF EMFs (at 100 Hz) and TAMMEFs (with variable frequency) on the cellular metabolism of PBMCs. The total protein content and the activities of enzymes involved in purine metabolism were determined and compared in cells treated with ELF EMFs and TAMMEFs, as well as in control cells (T0 and control).

The small increase in the protein content of cells after treatment with either type of EMF can be attributed to accelerated cellular metabolism, as demonstrated previously by others [28]. It has also been shown previously that exposure to ELF EMFs can affect cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, and differentiation, although the specific effects on health have not been determined. The mechanisms underlying the interactions of EMFs on living cells and organisms are yet unknown; until now, reports have presented largely theoretical rather than experimental observations.

The enzymes ecto--NT, AdK, and ADA showed no significant changes in activity compared to controls regardless of EMF treatment. Other enzymes, such as glycolytic enzymes in human erythrocytes treated with 50 Hz EMF, have also been reported to be unchanged following EMF exposure [29]. In contrast, cells treated with ELF EMFs in our study showed an increase in AK activity; this enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism, which regulates the homeostasis of adenylic nucleotides, thus contributing to the cellular energy charge. AK is a well-studied enzyme [28]. A study of the effects of ELF (75 Hz) EMFs on AK activity in bovine retinal rods [30] reported a sharp decrease of its activity (approximately 55%) relative to nonexposed control cells: this effect was observed only for AK bound to the retinal membrane, for when the AK was extracted from the membranes using Triton X-100, the enzymatic activity was no longer affected much by ELF EMFs. Based on these observations, the authors suggest that effects of the EMF are influenced by the organization and structure of the cellular membrane.

In our experiments, AK activity was higher in PBMCs treated with ELF EMFs compared to T0 and control cells. This could indicate that ELF EMFs s affect the stability of the cell’s electrical charge, and we hypothesize that the tendency of AK activity to increase upon exposure to ELF EMFs is a direct consequence of cellular mechanisms that work to restore intracellular equilibrium. Magnetic field variations induce EMFs that act on the electrical charges in the cell, such as ions, free radicals, and dipolar structures. These charges are affected by the induced electromotive forces within the constraints of the cellular environment, possibly modifying cellular function. Other investigators who have studied the effects of ELFs on the cell’s bioenergetic system [31, 32] have also reported increases in the activity of enzymes involved in cellular respiration, such as activation of cytocrome C oxidase [33].

Exposure of PMBCs to TAMMEFs does not increase AK activity; rather, there is a small decrease compared to the control. Thus, TAMMEF does not interfere with the cell’s energetic and metabolic state and may in fact be useful for stimulating and maintaining the homeostatic response.

The data presented here hints at the potential for using TAMMEFs therapeutically.

Further research, with a larger sample size, is needed for further investigations, toward the structural and molecular sites of action, in native or stimulated cells, as in the presence of optimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Paul Kretchmer (Ph.D.), the Managing Director San Francisco Edit ([email protected]) for the assistance in editing this manuscript. This work was supported in part by a contribution of the Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena, Siena, Italy.

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Copyright © 2009 Antonietta Albanese et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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