Generation and Characterization of Novel Human IRAS Monoclonal Antibodies

Wang, Bo; Liu, Ying; Shan, Yajun; Yao, Zhenyu; Liu, Xiaolan; Su, Ruibin; Sun, Qihong; Cong, Yuwen; Li, Jin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/973754

BioMed Research International

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2009 | Article ID 973754 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/973754

Generation and Characterization of Novel Human IRAS Monoclonal Antibodies

Bo Wang,¹Ying Liu,¹Yajun Shan,²Zhenyu Yao,²Xiaolan Liu,²Ruibin Su,¹Qihong Sun,²Yuwen Cong,²and Jin Li¹

Academic Editor: Val J. Watts

Received10 Feb 2009

Revised18 May 2009

Accepted05 Jun 2009

Published10 Aug 2009

Abstract

Imidazoline receptors were first proposed by Bousquet et al., when they studied antihypertensive effect of clonidine. A strong candidate for I1R, known as imidazoline receptor antisera-selected protein (IRAS), has been cloned from human hippocampus. We reported that IRAS mediated agmatine-induced inhibition of opioid dependence in morphine-dependent cells. To elucidate the functional and structure properties of I1R, we developed the newly monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal hIRAS region including the PX domain (10–120aa) through immunization of BALB/c mice with the NusA-IRAS fusion protein containing an IRAS N-terminal (10–120aa). Stable hybridoma cell lines were established and monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized full-length IRAS proteins in their native state by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Monoclonal antibodies stained in a predominantly punctate cytoplasmic pattern when applied to IRAS-transfected HEK293 cells by indirect immunofluorescence assays and demonstrated excellent reactivity in flow immunocytometry. These monoclonal antibodies will provide powerful reagents for the further investigation of hIRAS protein functions.

1. Introduction

Imidazoline receptors were first proposed by Bousquet et al., when they studied antihypertensive effect of clonidine [1]. Based on their physiologic and pharmacological properties, imidazoline receptors are classified into three main types: I1R, I2R, and I3R [2–4]. I1R and I2R have been implicated in hypertension and psychiatric disorder regulation, respectively, while I3R may be involved in insulin secretion [5–9]. Compared with mitochondrial I2R, which resides within the monoamine oxidase protein [10], the clonidine-preferring imidazoline binding sites (known as I1R) are localized to plasma membrane fractions [11, 12] and specifically to synaptic plasma membranes [13].

A strong candidate for I1R, known as imidazoline receptor antisera-selected protein (IRAS), has been cloned from human hippocampus [14]. hIRAS is a larger protein of 1504 amino acids consisting of an N-terminal phox (PX) domain, 5 putative leucine-rich repeats, a predicted coiled-coil domain, and a long COOH-terminal region. Several evidence supported the identity of native I1R and IRAS protein in tissue distributions, ligand binding properties, some cellular functions and downstream signal pathways [14–18]. The murine form of IRAS, Nischarin, truncated at the N-terminal 244 amino acids including the PX domain compared with the hIRAS, was a soluble cytosolic protein involved in cytoskeletal organization [19]. It has been shown that decreasing the expression of rat IRAS or Nischarin in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells could attenuate the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or reduce the radioligand binding to I1R, which further supported that hIRAS or Nischarin might serve as I1R itself, or at least a functional subunit of I1R [20]. Recently, Molderings et al. have reported that the “I1-imidazoline receptors’’ mediating effects of clonidine and moxonidine in PC12 and the transfected HEK293 cells belonged to the S1P-receptor family, in particular, representing a mixture of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)1- and S1P3-receptors and/or heterodimers of both. It was then proposed that an increased expression of IRAS or Nischarin may improve the receptor-trafficking from cytosolic S1P-receptors to the cell membrane and thereby increase the number of binding sites in the plasma membrane for radioligand binding [21]. In our previous study, we also reported that IRAS mediated agmatine-induced inhibition of opioid dependence in morphine-dependent cells [22]. Despite intensive efforts, the molecular base of the I1R had not yet been elucidated.

To elucidate the functional and structure properties of I1R, several different epitope-specific antisera against IRAS have been raised in rabbits [23]. Because of IRAS splice variants or nonspecificity of these antisera, more sizes of IRAS (33, 85, 170 KDa) have been visualized in various tissue and cells, which limited their uses on western blot. IRAS was reported to target to the endosomes by a combined action of a PX domain and a coiled-coil region. The PX domain, consisting of 10–130 amino acids, was first identified from the sequence analysis of two SH3 domain-containing cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, p47phox and p40phox [24]. Therefore, in the present study, we developed the newly monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal hIRAS region including the PX domain (10–120aa). This development has great utility for immunoblotting, indirect immunofluorescent staining, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. These monoclonal antibodies will provide powerful reagents for the further investigation of hIRAS protein functions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Generation of the NusA-IRAS(10–120aa) Fusion Protein

E. coli BL21(DE3) (F-ompT gal dcm hsdSB (rB-mB-) (DE3) (Novagen) cells were transformed with recombinant plasmid, pET43.1-IRAS(10–120aa). Transformants were selected from ampicillin-containing Luria Bertani (LB) lates. Selected colonies were cultured in ampicillin-containing LB media. Isopropyl--D-thio galactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. The incubation was continued for 3 hours at 30°C. Cells were harvested, mixed with lysis buffer (phosphate buffered saline [pH 7.3], 1.0 mM EDTA, 1.0 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.5 mg/mL lysozyme (Roche)), and sonicated. The high-speed supernatant which contained the pET43.1-IRAS(10–120aa) soluble protein fraction was loaded onto 10 mL N-NTA agarose columns. The fusion protein was eluted with lysis buffer with 400 mM imidazole. Eluted proteins were electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE gels. Expression yields were analyzed with the Quantity One quantitative software (Bio-Rad) based on relative band intensities of comassie blue stains. Purified proteins were detected with western blot using anti-His mAbs (Santa Cruz).

2.2. Antiserum Titer Determination by Indirect Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Analysis (ELISA)

The purified NusA-IRA, diluted to 10 g/mL in 50 mM carbonate salt buffer (pH 9.6), was coated on plates at 100 L aliquot per well, 4°C overnight. The wells were washed three times with PBS-Tween buffer (0.05% Tween 20 in PBS). The coated wells were blocked with 200 L of 3% BSA for 1 hour at 37°C and then incubated with 150 L monoclonal antibodies against NusA-IRA fusion protein with different dilutions (from to ). After incubation for 1 hour at 37°C, the wells were incubated with 150 L horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse IgG (dilution , Santa Cruz) for 1 hour at 37°C after thorough washing. Peroxidase activity was detected using o-phenylenediamine and H₂O₂ as enzyme substrates. Color development was stopped with 2 M of H₂SO₄ and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm using Microplate Reader (Bio-Rad).

2.3. Production of Antihuman IRAS Monoclonal Antibodies

The purified NusA-IRA protein (50 g in a volume of 80 L) was mixed with an equal volume of Freund’s complete adjuvant. The antigen-adjuvant mixture was injected into 6 female BALB/c mice and was followed by three booster injections at 2-week interval in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. The mouse with the highest antibody titer tested by ELISA was boosted intraperitoneally with 100 g NusA-IRA protein without adjuvant 3 days before the cell fusion. Feeder layer cells were prepared 1 day prior to fusion. Splenocytes from mice with the highest ELISA antibody titers were fused with murine myeloma cells SP2/0 following standard procedures [25]. Culture supernatants were collected after fusion and initially screened by ELISA with purified NusA-IRA fusion proteins as antigens. Positive hybridoma clones were selected with the limiting dilution method, and stable hybridoma clones were obtained after 3 cloning cycles. Isotypes of antibodies were identified with a mouse subisotype panel (Bio-Rad). The pristine-primed BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with hybridoma cells per mouse in order to acquire abundant mAbs. The ascitic fluid was collected and mAbs were purified with a protein A/G affinity column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).

2.4. Western Blotting Analysis

Transfected cells were harvested 48 hours after transfection. Total cell lysate preparation and western blot analysis were performed according to previously described procedures [26]. In brief, cell lysates were prepared, electrophoresed on SDS-PAGE gels, and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk in TBST (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% [v/v] Tween 20) and incubated with IRAS or GFP mAbs (Cell Signaling Technology Inc). Blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated goat antimouse antibodies (Santa Cruz) after primary antibody incubation, and blots were developed with enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL, Cell Signaling Technology Inc).

2.5. Confocal Microscopy Analysis

The cellular localization of the IRAS protein was identified according to previously described procedures [27]. Cells on glass cover slips were rinsed with PBS, fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes, and permeabilized with 0.2% [v/v] Triton X-100/PBS. Permeabilized cells were incubated with IRAS mAbs and TRITC-conjugated affinipure goat antimouse IgG (Santa Cruz) for 1 hour for immunofluorescence assays. Nuclei were stained with 0.1 mg/mL Hoechst33342 (Molecular Probes). Specimens were examined by confocal fluorescent microscopy on a Bio-Rad Radiance 2100 System.

2.6. Immunoprecipitation Analysis

The HEK293 cells were transfected with PCMV-myc-IRAS or PCMV-myc plasmid to analyze IRAS mAbs immunoprecipitated with IRAS. Cell lysates were prepared in a modified RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, 1% [v/v] Nonidet P40, 0.5% [w/v] sodium deoxycholate) containing Complete Protease inhibitor Cocktail Tablets (Roche). Cell lysates were centrifuged to remove debris. Recovered lysates were incubated with IRAS or c-myc mAbs (Santa Cruz) overnight at 4°C followed by protein A/G agarose beads (50 L, Santa Cruz) for another 3 hours to capture the immunoprecipitates. Recovered immune complexes were extensively washed in lysis buffer. Samples were boiled to release the bound proteins and appropriate supernatant aliquots were run on SDS-PAGE gels for western blot analysis as described above.

2.7. Flow Cytometry

Cells () were transfected with PCMV-myc-IRAS for each sample and fixed with 70% [v/v] cold ethanol at 4°C overnight. Cells were permeabilized in 0.1% [v/v] Triton X-100/PBS and were incubated with IRAS or c-myc mAbs (Santa Cruz). Cells were washed and resuspended in an FITC-conjugated affinipure goat antimouse IgG (Santa Cruz). Finally, cells were washed twice and samples were analyzed on a flow immunocytometry machine (Becton-Dickinson) [28].

2.8. Cell Culture and Transfection

HEK293 cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were transfected with different plasmid DNAs using a Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) when cell densities reached 70% confluence per the manufacturer’s instructions. Hybridoma cells were grown in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum.

2.9. Construction of Expression Vector pET43.1a-IRAS, pCMV-myc-IRAS, and pEGFPC1-IRAS

The cDNA fragment of the human IRAS N-terminal (10–120aa) was inserted into the pET-43.1a(+) expression vector (Novagen) by PCR amplification of the human IRAS cDNA (AF082516) using the following oligomers: sense, -CGGGATCCATGGAGCGGGAAGCCGAGCCG-, and antisense, -CGGAATTCATAGAAGTGAAAATGCAAGAAGTG-. The full-length human IRAS was obtained by PCR amplification of the entire coding region, and the resulting 4512-bp PCR product was ligated into the pEGPC1 and PCMV-myc vectors in a similar fashion using the following oligomers, respectively: sense, -CGCGAATTCTATGGCGACCGCGCGCACCTTCG-, and antisense, -CGGGATCCTAGCCGGTGAGCTCGACAGGC-, sense, -CGCGAATTCGGATGGCGACCGCGCGCACCTTC-, and antisense, -CCGCTCGAGCTAGCCGGTGAGCTCGACAGGC-. All plasmid sequences were confirmed by sequencing analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) against a Recombinant NusA-IRA Fusion Protein

IRAS is a large protein comprising of 1504 amino acids. Its N-terminal phox domain is important for membrane association and cellular localization. The N-terminal of IRAS (10–120aa) covering the PX domain was cloned into the pET-43.1a(+) (Figure 1(a)) [29]. The supernatant fusion protein was purified by His-tag affinity purification and was subsequently used to generate the monoclonal antibody. The dissolved protein yielded one major band of 78 kDa expected molecular weight (Figure 1(b)) with high purity and integrity. The NusA protein used as a control generated the 66 kDa expected molecular weight. The recombinant protein was also confirmed with western blot using anti-His mAbs (right column, Figure 1(b)). BALB/c mice () were immunized with the NusA-IRA fusion protein, and blood was collected from the mice after multiple injections. Antibody titers were tested by ELISA on plates coated with the NusA-IRA protein (data not shown). The 2 mice with the highest titers were sacrificed and spleens from both mice were fused to myeloma cells following standard procedures. Individual hybridomas was grown and 125 hybridomas were further characterized. Supernatant from the growing hybridoma clones was screened with ELISA. Screening was performed on plates coated with NusA-IRA, NusA protein, and GST-IRA fusion protein to determine antibody specificity. A total of 5 hybridomas (DA041, DD015, BE073, BA022, and AH021) reacted selectively with the NusA-IRA protein in all 3 assays and were further evaluated. Isotype analysis revealed that all mAbs were of the IgG1 subtype.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1

Production of immunogens for human IRAS. (a) Schematic representation of IRAS fusion used for mAb production. The IRAS N-terminal of the PX domain, and the Arg 10 to Glu 120 were expressed as the NusA fusion protein. LRR represents the leucine-rich repeats and CC represents the coiled-coiled region. Numbers represent amino acid positions. (b) Purification and western blot analysis of NusA-IRA fusion proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis after filtration through the N-NTA column (left column) were then immunoblotted with the anti-His mAb (right column). Sizes (kDa) of molecular mass marker were indicated on the left side.

The immunoreactivities of the 5 representative mAbs with NusA-IRA were shown in Figure 2, all of which specifically recognized a 78 kDa protein band which corresponded to the purified NusA-IRA protein, but not to the 66 kDa NusA protein. Anti-His mAbs reacted with both proteins in the same experiment (Figure 2(a)) as controls. We evaluated the specificity of mAbs in mammalian cells by inserting IRAS cDNA into expression vectors to allow the production of GFP fusion proteins under the control of a CMV promoter. The pEGFPC1 and pEGFPC1-IRAS plasmids were separately transfected into HEK293 cells. Western blot analysis with the anti-GFP antibody demonstrated that chimeric proteins were expressed and migrated separately at expected molecular masses of approximately 19 or 27 KDa (Figure 2(b)). However, the expected 190 kDa band whose molecular weight corresponded to the full-length IRAS protein was only detected with the mAbs DA041, DD015, and BE073 in GFP-IRAS expressed cells. The remaining BA022 and AH021 mAbs were negative (Figure 2(b)). The same samples were also incubated with preimmune serum with no reactivity (data not shown). Results revealed that all 5 selected mAbs specifically recognized bacterially expressed NusA-IRA proteins, but only 3 mAbs recognized recombinant IRAS in mammalian cells.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2

Verification of the specificity of the IRAS mAbs. (a) Identification by western blot using anti-His mAb or the mAbs DA041, DD015, BE073, BA022, and AH021 in NusA and NusA-IRA recombinant proteins. (b) The whole cell extracts derived from HEK293 cells were transfected with pEGFPC1-IRAS and the control vector pEGFPC1 plasmid, respectively. Cell lysates were prepared 48 hours after transfection and were separated by SDS-PAGE. Proteins transferred to PVDF membranes were probed with anti-GFP antibody or the mAbs DA041, DD015, BE073, BA022, and AH021. Sizes (kDa) of molecular mass marker were indicated on the left side.

3.2. Cellular Localization and Flow Cytometry Analysis for IRAS Expression

IRAS mAbs were used to detect the cellular localization of IRAS protein based on specificity characterized by western blot analysis. The pEGFPC1-IRAS plasmid was transfected into HEK293 cells. IRAS protein localization was tested by fluorescence confocal microscopy after 48 hours transfection. GFP-IRAS was primarily located in the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern (Figure 3(a)) with concentration onto discrete loci and spot fluorescence (panel A, E, I, M, and Q), as confirmed in previous studies [30]. The mAbs DA041, DD015, and BE073 were used as probes to detect a predominantly punctate cytosolic distribution as expected (panel B, F, G). However, the mAb BA022 homogenously detected the fluorescence distribution over the cytoplasm (panel N) and the mAb AH021 scored negatively (panel R). Merged images revealed that the GFP-IRAS fluorescence significantly coincided with the immunostaining with mAbs DA041, DD015, and BE073 (panel D, H, and L), but was not reflected by the mAbs BA022 and AH021 (panel P and T). Further, the punctate fluorescence patterns appeared to be unique to the mAbs DA041, DD015, and BE073. In addition, we also detected the endogenous IRAS protein with monoclonal antibody DA041 in PC12 cells, showing a strong signal associated with the membrane and faint signal in the cytoplasm (data not shown). These results suggest that the 3 mAbs specifically detect IRAS proteins by immunofluorescence, similar to immunoblotting results.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3

Binding of IRAS mAbs to IRAS-expressing cells by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis. (a) HEK293 cells were transfected with the plasmid pEGFPC1-IRAS. Cellular localization of IRAS was observed by scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy. Green represented EGFP fluorescence (A, E, I, M, and Q) from the GFP-IRAS fusion protein, blue (C, G, K, O, and S) fluorescence represented Hoechst stained cell nuclei, red (B, F, J, N, and R) fluorescence represented cells expressing GFP-IRAS labeled with TRITC-conjugated goat antimouse antibody using IRAS mAbs as the primary antibody, and yellow (D, H, L, P, and T) represented overlapping green and red fluorescence. All 3 panels had the same field of view. Scale bar, 100 m. (b) Samples were collected and separately analyzed by flow cytometry for the ability to bind the preimmune serum (control), the c-myc mAb, and the mAb DA041 after 48 hours transfection of PCMV-myc-IRAS. Results were expressed as histograms with the DNA content on -axis and the number of fluorescent cells on -axis. Cells were distributed in 2 populations, and the second population (R2) with high fluorescence reflected the population of transfected cells recognized by the mAb DA041.

Flow cytometry is a rapid, quantitative, multiparameter cellular analysis based on the measurement of visible and fluorescent light emission. We chose the representative mAb DA041 for further characterization based on the strong signals detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The IRAS cDNA was cloned into the mammalian expression vector PCMV-myc and was expressed in HEK293 cells. The mAb DA041 and the c-myc mAb (used as a positive control) resulted in significant increases in fluorescence intensity when compared to cells incubated with preimmune serum (Figure 3(b)). The binding efficiencies were 30.77% by the mAb DA041 and 48.26% by the c-myc mAb. No reactivities were detectable in preimmune sera (0.01%). These results indicate mAb DA041 is effective for detecting IRAS protein by flow cytometry.

3.3. MAbs IRAS Immunoprecipitates IRAS from Cell Lysates

We next characterized IRAS mAb ability to recognize IRAS proteins in their native states by immunoprecipitation. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with the mAb DA041 and analyzed with mAb DA041 immunoblotting after 48-hour transfection with PCMV-myc-IRAS. IRAS was selectively immunoprecipitated from cell lysates that expressed the myc-IRAS protein (approximately 175 kDa), and those which corresponded to the predicted size of the full-length IRAS (Figure 4). Immunoprecipitation of lysates with mouse normal IgG did not result in detection of protein species. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with the c-myc mAb to confirm mAb specificity, and similarly sized bands were detected. No corresponding band was visualized when the negative control c-myc mAb was used to immunoprecipitate cell lysate of the transfectant expressing the empty PCMV-myc vector. Similar results were obtained with the mAbs DD015 and BE073 under the same conditions, and the remaining mAbs BA022 and AH021 scored negatively. Therefore, the 3 isolated antibodies specifically recognized native full-length IRAS protein products.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4

Analysis of immunoprecipitates revealed that the IRAS mAbs specifically recognized the native state of the IRAS protein. The HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with the empty vector PCMV-myc (negative control) and PCMV-myc-IRAS. Whole cell lysates were prepared and immunoprecipitated with the c-myc mAb or the mAbs DA041, DD015, BE073, BA022, and AH021. Immunoprecipitation of the same lysates using mouse normal IgG did not result in the detection of any protein species. Immunocomplexes were analyzed by western blot with indicated antibodies.

Our results suggested that the mAbs DA041, DD015, and BE073 were reactive for both immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Therefore, these mAbs likely recognized linear epitopes in the IRAS protein. In addition, the 3 mAbs were capable of recognition of native full-length IRAS proteins by immunoprecipitation. However, the mAbs BA022 and AH021 specifically recognized bacterially expressed IRAS immunogens and did not detect recombinant IRAS in mammalian cells. This could be related to the different IRAS folding patterns, since misfolded IRAS proteins could result in the exposure of unique immunogenic epitopes different from native proteins. The mAbs BA022 and AH021 could be used as backup reagents to safeguard against antibody-specific artifacts. In addition, analyzing the overall homology of the amino acid sequence of the PX domain, Sorting Nexins 13 (SNX13) is the most relative protein to IRAS [31]. We found monoclonal antibody DA041 against hIRAS could not react with SNX13 by immunofluorescence assay (data not shown). It was proposed that these antibodies developed here were specific to the PX domain of IRAS.

In summary, we generated specific mAbs directed against the human IRAS N-terminal. The mAb DA041 exhibited the best performance in a variety of assays including immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, indirect immunofluorescence stainning, and flow cytometry. Specific mAbs may provide an ideal reagent for further investigation of the function of IRAS proteins.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank J. E. Piletz for kindly providing the IRAS-pcDNA3.1 plasmid and J. Q. Zheng for advice of English usages throughout the article and Zhiyi Zhang for the assay of confocal microscopy. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (no. 2003CB515400, no. 2007CB512307, and no. 2009CB202000), National Natural Science Foundation of China 30701016, Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation 7082073.

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Copyright © 2009 Bo Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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