Review Article

Role of Antimicrobial Selective Pressure and Secondary Factors on Antimicrobial Resistance Prevalence in Escherichia coli from Food-Producing Animals in Japan

Table 1

(a) Current trends in rates (%) of resistance to selected antimicrobials in commensal E. coli isolates from cattle

CountrySurvey yearPCaSMbTCcFQdReferences

Japane20079.219.226.21.5[20]
United Statesf2002-20032.510.223.1NT[21]
Canada20052.57.422.10.0[22]
Denmark20062.210.89.70.0[23]
France200414.020.026.00.0[24]
Norway20052.09.21.00.0[25]
Sweden20060.02.02.0 < 1.0[26]
UKf20043.02.06.0NT[27]
Netherlands200548.5NT82.425.5[28]
Finland2006 < 1.03.0 < 1.01.0[29]
Italy1999–200114.315.319.62.1[30]
Germany1999–20011.73.76.50.0[30]
Australia2003-20040.0NT3.00.0[31]
Koreaf2003-200412.020.430.50.6[32]

a PC, penicillin antibiotics including ampicillin (MIC breakpoints, 16–32 mg/L) and amoxicillin (16 mg/L).
b SM, streptomycin antibiotics including streptomycin (16–64 mg/L) and dihydrostreptomycin (32 mg/L).
c TC, tetracycline antibiotics including tetracycline and oxytetracycline (16 mg/L).
d FQ, fluoroquinolone agents including ciprofloxacin (0.125–4 mg/L) and enrofloxacin (0.125–2 mg/L). In particular, some European countries like Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, and Finland adopted low MIC breakpoints between 0.125 and 1.0 mg/L.
e In Japan, ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin were used as the representative of PC, SM, TC, and FQ, respectively, for susceptibility testing. As for ampicillin, the MIC breakpoint established by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute was adopted (32 mg/L) [33]; for the remaining antimicrobials, MIC breakpoints were set as the midpoint between the peaks of each MIC distribution (dihydrostreptomycin, 32 mg/L; oxytetracycline, 16 mg/L; enrofloxacin, 2 mg/L) [34].
f Susceptibility tests for all antimicrobials were performed by disk diffusion method.
(b) Current trends in rates (%) of resistance to selected antimicrobials in commensal E. coli isolates from pigs

CountrySurvey yearPCaSMbTCcFQdReferences

Japane200722.643.457.50.0[20]
United Statesf2002-200318.830.663.1NT[21]
Canada200534.638.974.70.6[22]
Denmark200620.340.528.40.7[23]
France200422.062.086.01.0[24]
Norway20048.033.69.60.0[35]
Sweden20056.014.09.0 < 1.0[26]
UKf200428.028.080.0NT[27]
Netherlands200530.4NT61.90.0[28]
Spainf200560.963.590.14.2[36]
Australia2003-200435.0NT76.00.0[31]
Korea2001–200375.285.799.27.5[37]
Chile2003NT84.096.06.0[38]

a PC, penicillin antibiotics including ampicillin (MIC breakpoints, 16–32 mg/L) and amoxicillin (16–32 mg/L).
b SM, streptomycin antibiotics including streptomycin (16–64 mg/L) and dihydrostreptomycin (32 mg/L).
c TC, tetracycline antibiotics including tetracycline and oxytetracycline (16 mg/L).
d FQ, fluoroquinolone agents including ciprofloxacin (0.125–4 mg/L) and enrofloxacin (0.125–2 mg/L). In particular, some European countries like Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Netherlands adopted low MIC breakpoints between 0.125 and 1.0 mg/L.
e In Japan, ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin were used as the representative of PC, SM, TC, and FQ, respectively, for susceptibility testing. As for ampicillin, the MIC breakpoint established by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute was adopted (32 mg/L) [33]; for the remaining antimicrobials, MIC breakpoints were set as the midpoint between the peaks of each MIC distribution (dihydrostreptomycin, 32 mg/L; oxytetracycline, 16 mg/L; enrofloxacin, 2 mg/L) [34].
f Susceptibility tests for all antimicrobials (the United States and UK) or streptomycin (Spain) were performed by disk diffusion method.
(c) Current trends in rates (%) of resistance to selected antimicrobials in commensal E. coli isolates from broilers

CountrySurvey yearPCaSMbTCcFQdReferences

Japane200742.243.153.95.9[20]
United Statesf2002-20032.115.135.1NT[21]
Canada200538.543.157.30.0[22]
Denmark200617.110.66.55.7[23]
France200437.039.073.04.0[24]
Norway200613.22.13.71.1[39]
Sweden20044.06.06.02.0[26]
UKf200437.0NT65.06.0[27]
Netherlands200563.5NT60.950.8[28]
Spainf200564.051.068.053.0[36]
Finland200516.07.017.01.0[29]
Australia2003-200433.0NT44.00.4[31]
Korea2001–200363.886.580.450.1[37]
Chile2003NT57.180.628.5[38]

a PC, penicillin antibiotics including ampicillin (MIC breakpoints, 16–32 mg/L) and amoxicillin (16–32 mg/L).
b SM, streptomycin antibiotics including streptomycin (16–64 mg/L) and dihydrostreptomycin (32 mg/L).
c TC, tetracycline antibiotics including tetracycline and oxytetracycline (16 mg/L).
d FQ, fluoroquinolone agents including ciprofloxacin (0.125–4 mg/L) and enrofloxacin (0.125–2 mg/L). In particular, some European countries like Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, and Finland adopted low MIC breakpoints between 0.125 and 1.0 mg/L.
e In Japan, ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin were used as the representative of PC, SM, TC, and FQ, respectively, for susceptibility testing. As for ampicillin, the MIC breakpoint established by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute was adopted (32 mg/L) [33]; for the remaining antimicrobials, MIC breakpoints were set as the midpoint between the peaks of each MIC distribution (dihydrostreptomycin, 32 mg/L; oxytetracycline, 16 mg/L; enrofloxacin, 2 mg/L) [34].
f Susceptibility tests for all antimicrobials (the United States and UK) or streptomycin (Spain) were performed by disk diffusion method.