Review Article
Molecular Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Contribution of Microbiota
Table 1
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), and expression patterns (see, [
3,
12,
14]).
| | PRRs | Location | MAMPs | MAMPs | | | Non Viral Ligands | Viral Ligands |
| | TLRs | | | |
| | TLR1 | Cell membrane | Lipopeptides | |
| | TLR2 | Cell membrane | Di-/triacyl lipopeptide | Virion (HSV) | | Peptidoglycan | HA (Measles) | | Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) | | | Zymosan | | | Porins | B and H proteins (HCMV) | | Lipoarabinomannan | | | Phospholipomannan | ENv (MMTV) | | Glucuronoxylomannan | | | GPI-linked proteins | Core, NS3 (HCV) | | Virion |
| | TLR3 | Endosome membrane | dsRNA | RNA viruses |
| | LR4 | Cell membrane | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | ENv protein (MMTV) | | Mannan | | | Glucuronoxylomannan | F protein (RSV) | | HSP | | | Fibrinogen | |
| | TLR5 | Cell membrane | Flagellin | |
| | TLR6 | Cell membrane | Lipoprotein, LTA, others | |
| | TLR7 | Endosome membrane | Synthetic ssRNA (e.g., imiquimod, resiquimod (R848) | Influenza A, VSV |
| | TLR8 | Endosome membrane | Synthetic ssRNA (e.g.,imiquimod, resiquimod (R848) | HIV |
| | TLR9 | Endosome membrane | CpG DNA | Unmethylated DNA (HSV 1,2) | | Hemozoin | MCMV | | Adenovirus | | Baculovirus (wild type) |
| | TLR10 | Cell membrane | Unknown | |
| | TLR11 | Cell membrane | Profilin | |
| | NLRs | | | |
| | Nod1 | Cytoplasmic | Gram-negative peptidoglycan | |
| | Nod2 | Cytoplasmic | Gram-negative and positive peptidoglycan | |
| | IPAF | Cytoplasmic | Flagellin | Viral RNA |
| | NALP3 | Cytoplasmic | RNA | |
| | FPR | Cell membrane | Formylated peptides, ? | |
| | FPRL 1-2 | Cell membrane | Formylated peptides, ? | |
| | RIG-1 helicase | Cytoplasmic | Synthetic dsRNA | HCV, | | -triphosphate | Japanese encephalitis | | dsRNA | RSV, Influenza A, EBV |
| | C-type lectins | Cell membranes | Fungal carbohydrates | |
|
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Abbreviations: dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; ECMV: encephalomyocarditis virus; GPI: glycosylphosphatidylinositol; HA: hemagglutinin; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSP: heat-shock protein; HSV: herpes simplex virus; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MCMV: murine cytomegalovirus; MMTV: mouse mammary tumor virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; ssRNA: single-stranded RNA; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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