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</svg> Members Are Candidates to Developmentally Control Their Fiber Formation

Rossi, Stefania; Stoppani, Elena; Gobbo, Massimiliano; Caroli, Anna; Fanzani, Alessandro

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/326909

BioMed Research International

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Abbreviations Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2010 | Article ID 326909 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/326909

L6E9 Myoblasts Are Deficient of Myostatin and Additional TGF- Members Are Candidates to Developmentally Control Their Fiber Formation

Stefania Rossi,¹Elena Stoppani,¹Massimiliano Gobbo,²Anna Caroli,³and Alessandro Fanzani¹

Academic Editor: Sanford I. Bernstein

Received06 Oct 2009

Revised11 Dec 2009

Accepted05 Feb 2010

Published13 Apr 2010

Abstract

This work provides evidence that the robust myoblast differentiation observed in L6E9 cells is causally linked to deficiency of myostatin, which, conversely, has been found to be expressed in C2C12 cells. However, despite the absence of endogenous myostatin, L6E9 myoblasts expressed functional Activin receptors type II (ActRIIs) and follistatin as well as the highly related TGF- members Activins and GDF11, suggesting that in this cell line the regulation of fiber size might be under the control of multiple regulators regardless of myostatin. In line with this hypothesis, delivery of a dominant-negative ActRIIb form or the increase of follistatin, as obtained via Trichostatin treatment or stable transfection of a short human follistatin form, enhanced the L6E9 cell differentiation and further increased the size of myotubes, suggesting that L6E9 myoblasts provide a spontaneous myostatin knock-out in vitro model to study TGF- ligands involved in developmental regulation of fiber size.

1. Introduction

Over the last years, the TGF-β member myostatin has gained particular relevance because of its ability to exert a profound effect on muscle metabolism, by regulating the myofiber size in response to physiological or pathological conditions [1–5]. Of note, myostatin loss-of-function due to naturally occurring mutations into its gene triggers muscle mass increase in cattle [6], dogs [7], and humans as well [8], whereas targeted disruption of myostatin gene produces a huge muscle mass in mice [1]. On the contrary, systematic administration of myostatin induces muscle cachexia [9], and several conditions which cause muscle atrophy enable increase of myostatin expression [10–12]. Therefore, reduced or excessive myostatin signaling affects the muscle metabolism by inducing muscle hypertrophy and atrophy, respectively. Normally, myostatin signals in myoblasts through a canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, that occurs after binding with Activin receptors (ActRIIs) [3] and the subsequent activation of a Smad ternary complex [13, 14], which in turn drives to a transcriptional program potentially involved in muscle remodeling. In line with this evidence, the block of myostatin pathway in mice by delivering a dominant-negative ActRIIb form triggers an increase of muscle mass [15]. On the other side, follistatin has been described as a powerful inducer of muscle mass, due to its ability to bind and neutralize the myostatin activity [15–18]. However, follistatin transgenic mice display bigger muscles than myostatin null mice [15], and breeding transgenic follistatin mice with myostatin null mice triggers quadrupling of muscle mass [19], suggesting that follistatin can promote muscle growth also independently of its action on myostatin. To date, most of the in vitro myoblast studies relied on the use of mouse C2C12 and rat L6E9 cells, two immortalized lines whose myogenesis process recapitulates the phases of embryonic muscle differentiation, when myoblasts undergo alignment, fusion, and growth in the attempt to form a contractile myofiber. In this work, by comparing the differentiation between C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts, we hypothesize that the more robust formation of myotubes in L6E9 is causally linked to deficiency of myostatin, which is expressed in C2C12 myoblasts. Additionally, since we recognized that ActRIIs and follistatin are expressed in L6E9 cells, we verified whether the delivery of a dominant-negative ActRIIb form or the overexpression of follistatin might influence the differentiation and the development of L6E9 myotubes irrespective of myostatin. Finally, RT-PCR analysis was carried out to detect whether L6E9 cells express Activins [20, 21] and GDF11 [20, 22], which are TGF-β members supposed to play redundant roles with myostatin to regulate the muscle mass.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich, if not otherwise indicated.

2.2. Cell Cultures, Cell Staining, and Myotube Quantification

C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts were maintained in humidified incubator at 37°C and 5% CO₂ in DMEM high glucose supplemented with 10% or 20% FBS, respectively, and 100 penicillin-streptomycin. To induce differentiation, preconfluent C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts were cultured in a medium consisting of DMEM supplemented with 2% HS or 1% FBS, respectively. To visualize myotubular structures, cells were fixed in methanol and stained with Giemsa reactive. To quantify the myotube size, an Image ProPlus software (version 6.2) was used; the average size of myotubes was the mean of 100 measurements, as obtained after measuring 10 myotubes in 10 different fields.

2.3. Drug Treatments

Differentiated L6E9 myotubes were treated with 100–500 ng/mL human-purified recombinant myostatin (BioVision). Trichostatin A (50 nM) was administered to preconfluent cells up to 16–18 hours before addition of the differentiation medium.

2.4. Animals

Experiments were performed according to the European Community Council Directive, November 1986 (86/609/EEC). Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg) and then sacrificed. Gastrocnemius muscles were collected and immediately frozen by liquid nitrogen before proceeding with RNA isolation.

2.5. RNA Isolation and Semiquantitative RT-PCR Analysis

Total RNA was isolated by Trireagent method, digested with DNase (DNA-free, Ambion), and reverse transcribed () in the presence of 400 units of MMLV-RT (Promega). The following primers (forward and reverse, 250 nM each) were designed to amplify both the mouse and rat transcripts.

(i)Activin A (accession number NM_008380), -TTCTGTTGGCAAGTTGCTGGATTA- and -AAAGGTGATGATCTCCGAGGTCTG-,(ii)Activin B (accession number NM_008381), -TCTTCGTCTCTAACGAAGGCAACC- and -ATGAGCCGAAAGTCGATGAAGAAC-,(iii)Activin receptor type IIa (accession number NM_007396), -GCCCACTTCAAATCCTGTTACACC- and -ATCCACACTGGTGCCTCTTTTCTC-, (iv)Activin receptor type IIb (accession number NM_007397), -CTCGGGAGTGCATCTACTACAACG- and -TTCCGATGACGATACATCCAGAAG-,(v)Follistatin (accession number NM_008046), -CTCTTCAAGTGGATGATTTTC- and -ACAGTAGGCATTATTGGTCTG-,(vi)Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh, accession number NM_008084), -GGTGCTGAGTATGTCGTGGAGTC- and -GGACTGTGGTCATGAGCCCTTCC-,(vii)Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11, accession number NM_010272), -AGAGGACGAGTACCACGCTACCAC- and -CACTTGCTTGAAGTCGATGCTCTG-,(viii)Myostatin (accession number NM_010834), -AACCCATGAAAGACGGTACAAGGT- and -ATCTTTTGGGTGCGATAATCCAGT-,(ix)p21 (accession number NM_007669), -GAGAACGGTGGAACTTTGACTTCG- and -GCGCTTGGAGTGATAGAAATCTG-.

Levels of transcript amplification were quantified by using Image ProPlus software version 6.2, after normalization with the gapdh transcript.

2.6. Myoblast Transfection

Transfections were carried out by using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen), according to manufacturer’s instructions. L6E9 cells were stably transfected with a MDAF2 vector containing the myosin light chain promoter and 1/3 enhancer and simian virus 40 processing sites, harboring a truncated dominant negative form of murine Activin receptor type IIb that lacks the kinase domain (dnActRIIb, aminoacids 1–174) [15], together with a pBabe plasmid harboring a puromycin gene resistance. L6E9 cells were also transfected with a pBabe/follistatin vector, and transfectants were obtained after antibiotic selection ().

2.7. Immunoblotting

Protein concentration was obtained by bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce). Total homogenates were obtained by harvesting the myoblasts in cold RIPA lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS in 50 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), containing a mix of protease inhibitors (Roche). Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The following primary mouse monoclonal antibodies (1 : 1000 diluted) were used: anti-Myogenin (clone F5D, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-MyHC (Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa), and anti-Cav-3 (clone 26, BD Transduction Laboratories). A diluted 1 : 10000 antibody against tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to normalize protein level content. Blots were then incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Chemicon) and Western Blots revealed with enhanced chemiluminescence (Chemicon).

2.8. Statistics

All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using -Student analysis. A value .05 was considered significant.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. L6E9 Myoblasts Provide a Spontaneous Myostatin Knock-Out “In Vitro” Model

In this study we first compared the extent of differentiation between the mouse C2C12 and rat L6E9 myoblasts, two cell lines that are commonly used for myogenesis studies. After 2 and 4 days of low-serum treatment, the myotubes appeared larger in L6E9 compared to C2C12 cells, as morphologically visualized by phase contrast images (Figure 1(a)). A graphical representation shows that, after 4 days, the average size of L6E9 myotubes reached about twofold of increase compared to C2C12 myotubes (Figure 1(b)). Throughout the differentiation, the protein levels of the muscle-specific markers myogenin, Caveolin 3 (Cav-3), and Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) increased earlier in L6E9 compared to C2C12 cells, as detected by immunoblotting (Figure 1(c)), suggesting that the fusion process proceeds more rapidly in L6E9 cells. Subsequently, we investigated whether the different behavior of C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts might reflect different expression levels of myostatin and follistatin, two secreted TGF-β family members that exert profound and opposite effects on muscle mass, being a negative and positive regulator of muscle size, respectively [15]. By semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis, we detected that C2C12 cells express increasing levels of both myostatin and follistatin during differentiation, whereas L6E9 myoblasts lack myostatin despite the evident increase of follistatin (Figure 1(d)). To rule out the possibility that the primers designed for amplifying myostatin were not specific for the rat isoform, we performed an RT-PCR by using samples obtained from mouse and rat gastrocnemius muscles. As shown in Figure 1(e), the primers specifically produced the 377 bp long fragment of myostatin in both mouse and rat tissues, confirming therefore that L6E9 cells lack endogenous expression of myostatin. Additionally, we verified that both the cell lines constitutively express the transcripts for Activin receptors (ActRIIs), type IIa and IIb (ActRIIa and b) (Figure 1(d)), which are the TGF-β receptors that bind myostatin with low and high affinity, respectively [15]. To prove whether ActRIIs receptors are functional in L6E9 cells, we next administered 100 and 500 ng/mL recombinant myostatin (r-mstn) in the medium of differentiated L6E9 cells. Within 48 hours of treatment, r-mstn promoted a morphological impairment of myotube size compared to untreated cells, as shown by phase contrast images (Figure 2(a)). The graph in Figure 2(b) shows that r-mstn significantly decreased the size of L6E9 myotubes and triggered the downregulation of MyHC expression with a dose-dependent effect compared to untreated cells, as detected by immunoblotting (Figure 2(c)). It has been established that myostatin promotes the activation of both Smad and Foxo pathways by triggering its own transcription [23]. Therefore, we next controlled whether exogenous r-mstn administration might restore the endogenous levels of myostatin in L6E9 cells. As suggested by RT-PCR analysis, endogenous myostatin transcript was undetectable in L6E9 myotubes even after treatment with 500 ng/mL r-mstn up to 48 hours (Figure 2(d)), whereas the transcript level of p21, a downstream target of myostatin pathway [24], was increased; under these conditions, follistatin expression was downregulated and the transcript levels for ActRIIa and IIb were unaffected (Figure 2(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Figure 1

(a) Morphological visualization of C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts undergoing differentiation. After Giemsa staining, phase contrast pictures were taken under the same magnification. Bar = . (b) The graph represents the quantification of myotube average size in differentiating C2C12 and L6E9 cells. . (c) Immunoblotting was performed to compare the time-course expression of myogenin, Cav-3 and MyHC between C2C12 and L6E9 cells. Tubulin was used as loading control. (d) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to detect the transcript levels of myostatin, follistatin, ActRIIa, and ActRIIb in C2C12 and L6E9 cells cultured in differentiating medium. Gapdh amplification was performed as loading control. (e) RT-PCR analysis was carried out to amplify a 377 bp long fragment of myostatin in both mouse and rat gastrocnemius muscles. The amplification was performed by using the total RNA processed in presence or absence of reverse transcriptase (RT+ or RT−, resp.). Total RNAs are shown as loading control.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 2

(a) Morphological visualization of L6E9 myotubes, untreated (control, day 5) or treated at day 3 with 100 or 500 ng/mL recombinant myostatin (r-mstn) up to 48 hours, as depicted by phase contrast pictures after Giemsa staining. Bar = . (b) The graph represents the quantification of average size in L6E9 myotubes, treated with 100 or 500 ng/mL r-mstn up to 48 hours as compared to control. versus control. (c) Immunoblotting shows that MyHC levels are downregulated in L6E9 myotubes exposed to r-mstn (100 or 500 ng/mL) up to 48 hours as compared to untreated cells. Tubulin was used as loading control. (d) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of myostatin, p21, follistatin, ActRIIa, and ActRIIb in L6E9 myotubes (day 3) treated with r-mstn (500 ng/mL) up to 48 hours compared to untreated. Gapdh amplification was performed as loading control.

Collectively, these data show that the robust differentiation observed in L6E9 is characterized by deficiency of myostatin. Although the behavior of L6E9 cells cannot be exclusively ascribed to this hallmark sign, it is conceivable that these myoblasts take advantage of lack of myostatin and simultaneous presence of follistatin throughout the differentiation process. Additionally, L6E9 cells possess functional ActRIIs, given that exogenous administration of recombinant myostatin promoted myotube impairment. Since multiple TGF-β ligands have been suggested to converge on these receptors [19], probably mimicking the action of myostatin, it is possible that the size of L6E9 myotubes might be under the control of additional regulators; in line with this hypothesis, L6E9 myoblasts express follistatin, which is known to antagonize multiple negative regulators of muscle mass [22].

3.2. Delivery of a Dominant-Negative ActRIIb Form or the Increase of Follistatin Levels Enhances the Size of L6E9 Myotubes Independently on Myostatin

It has been established that different TGF- proteins act to regulate the size of skeletal muscle mass in vivo. This evidence was first provided by the fact that follistatin transgenic mice display a muscle mass that is greatly increased compared to myostatin knock-out mice, suggesting that follistatin has the unrivalled ability to bind and neutralize the activity of additional myostatin-like regulators [19]. Therefore, we wanted to verify whether the size of L6E9 myotubes might be incremented irrespective of myostatin expression. To this purpose, L6E9 cells were stably transfected with a dominant-negative truncated ActRIIb form (dnActRIIb), which has been described to induce doubling of muscle mass in mice via abolition of myostatin signaling [15]. Additionally, in order to increase follistatin, we exposed L6E9 cells to treatment with the histone deacetylases inhibitor Trichostatin (TSA) [18] or delivered into L6E9 myoblasts a vector encoding a short human follistatin form. As shown by RT-PCR analysis carried out over a time-course differentiation of three days (Figure 3(a)), the amount of ActRIIb was remarkably increased in dnActRIIb transfectants compared to control, because of the combined amplification of both the full-length endogenous and the truncated ectopic form. Under these conditions, dnActRIIb cells also displayed increased endogenous follistatin levels compared to control cells. After TSA treatment or delivery of follistatin transgene, the levels of follistatin were strongly increased over the entire kinetic of differentiation compared to control cells, whereas the levels of ActRIIb remained unchanged (Figure 3(a)). Morphologically, each treatment was effective to promote a remarkable increase of L6E9 differentiation, characterized by formation of myotubes that were significantly larger compared to control (Figure 3(b)). As shown by graphical representation (Figure 3(c)), delivery of either dnActRIIb or follistatin produced a significant increase of the average size compared to control; after TSA treatment, the differences in myotube size became statistically significant after day 2 of treatment compared to control. Under these conditions, the protein levels of myogenin, Cav-3, and MyHC were remarkably increased, although with different timing, compared to untreated cells (Figure 3(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3

(a) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis was carried out to detect the levels of ActRIIb and follistatin levels in untransfected L6E9 (control) and in cells stably transfected with the dnActRIIb form, treated with TSA, or alternatively transfected with a short human follistatin form. Gapdh amplification was performeds as loading control. (b) Phase contrast pictures show the morphology of L6E9 cells after delivery of a dnActRIIb form, exposure to histone deacetylases inhibitor TSA, or stable follistatin overexpression, as compared to control cells. After Giemsa staining, pictures were taken under the same magnification over a time-course of 3 days. Bar = m. (c) The graphs report the quantification of the myotube size in L6E9 cells transfected with dnActRIIb, treated with TSA or overexpressing follistatin as compared to control over a 3-day time-course differentiation. versus control. (d) Immunoblotting was performed to detect the protein levels of myogenin, Cav-3, and MyHC in L6E9 expressing the dnActRIIb form, exposed to TSA or alternatively transfected with follistatin compared to control cells. Tubulin was used as loading control.

Collectively, these data confirm that the regulation of size in L6E9 myotubes occurs regardless of myostatin but still under the control of additional TGF- members, because either blunting the ActRIIs signaling or increasing follistatin expression enhanced the differentiation and further improved the development of myotubes in vitro, as occurs in vivo [15, 19].

3.3. L6E9 Myoblasts Express the TGF- Family Members Activins and GDF11

Myostatin signals into myoblasts through a canonical TGF-β pathway, by eliciting the formation of a ternary Smad complex that can drive to gene transcription in collaboration with coactivators and repressors [25]. Therefore, the regulators that potentially display a myostatin-like activity presumably activate this pathway, whereas myostatin antagonists, such as follistatin, can antagonize it. The superfamily of TGF-β includes over 50 structurally related ligands that belong to three major subfamilies, which are TGF-β, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Activins [26]. Recently, Activins A and B have received a growing attention for their ability to regulate the fiber size [20, 27]. Activins and myostatin share the binding site on ActRIIs, suggesting that they can eventually synergize to activate the Smad pathway [28]. Additionally, another member of TGF-β family, termed GDF11 (Growth/Differentiation Factor 11), shares 90% aminoacid identity with myostatin in carboxy-terminal region [20]. Therefore, the expression of Activins and GDF11 was evaluated by means of semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis in both L6E9 and C2C12 myoblasts. As shown by gel analysis (Figure 4(a)) and by relative band quantification (Figure 4(b)), myostatin was found to increase exclusively in C2C12 cells, whereas follistatin increased over the differentiation of both the cell lines. Under these conditions, the expression of Activins A, B, and GDF11 was detectable in both C2C12 and L6E9 myoblasts; in particular, during the differentiation, GDF11 and Activin B levels were decreased in both the cell lines, whereas Activin A was unaffected. Taken together, these data suggest that L6E9 cells, despite lack myostatin, express Activins and GDF11, which could be potentially involved in the regulation of myotube size.

(a)

(b)

4. Conclusions

In this work, we provide evidence that L6E9 myoblasts are spontaneously lacking myostatin. Additionally, we have verified that the size of L6E9 myotubes can be incremented through delivery of a dominant-negative ActRIIb form or increase of follistatin, confirming that multiple TGF-β regulators converge on ActRIIs receptors to determine the size of myofibers [19–21, 28, 29] and, importantly, that follistatin can neutralize most of them [19, 20, 22, 29, 30]. In addition to myostatin, GDF11, Activins (A and B) [29, 31], and BMP-9 and 10 proteins have been identified to bind ActRIIs [31]. However, whereas BMP-9 and 10 seem to convert C2C12 myoblasts in the osteoblast lineage [20], GDF11 and Activins exert an inhibitory effect on myocyte differentiation similar to myostatin, and their activity is neutralized by follistatin [22, 27]. Recently, generation of mice with ablation of both myostatin and GDF11 provided evidence that these two highly related TGF-β members have redundant and overlapping roles in regulating skeletal patterning but not in regulating muscle size [32]. Therefore, in addition to myostatin, Activins seem to play a major role in regulating the myofiber size. In line with these observations, it would be of interest to use L6E9 myoblasts for dissecting the contribute of myostatin-like molecules, such as Activins, GDF11, or specific BMP proteins, or follistatin-like molecules, such as decorin [33], which have the ability to neutralize multiple negative regulators. Overall, we propose L6E9 myoblasts as a suitable myostatin knock-out in vitro model to study the mechanisms underlying the developmental regulation of muscle fibers.

Abbreviations

DMEM:	Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
FBS:	Fetal bovine serum
HS:	Horse serum
PBS:	Phosphate buffered solution
TGF-:	Transforming growth factors beta.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank SJ. Lee and A. McPherron for kindly providing the MDAF2 vector harboring the dominant-negative ActRIIb form and Vittorio Sartorelli for the pBabe/follistatin vector. This work was supported by grants from 60% MIUR to A.F., PRIN 2007 (2007XT947K contract), and by grants from “Amici per il cuore”.

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Copyright © 2010 Stefania Rossi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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