Vaccines against Human Carcinomas: Strategies to Improve Antitumor Immune Responses

Table 3

Strategies to enhance antitumor T-cell responses*.

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Strategy

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Use of costimulation in vaccine formulation

Cytokines

 Effect on APC (GM-CSF)

 Effect on T-cells (IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, IL-12)

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Small molecule targeted therapies

Inhibition of coinhibitory signals

 At the tumor site (B7-H1, B7-H4)

 Directly on T-cells (CTLA-4)

Depletion/inhibition of Treg cells

Inhibition of immunosuppressive cytokines

 AntiTGF-𝛽

 AntiVEGF

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* Only a partial list is included here.