Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Therapeutic Approaches

Table 1

Genomic markers of CVD risk and atherosclerosis in SLE. Some examples of genes from each category are given.

Genes/proteins associated with CVD and atherosclerosis			Technique utilized	Change	References
Gene	Protein	Accession
Genes differentially expressed in PBMCs from SLE patients
IFN target genes
IFIT1	Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats-1	X06559		Up
G1P3	Interferon, alpha-inducible protein (IFI-6-16)	U22970		Up
IFIT4	Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 4	O14879		Up
PLSCR1	Phospholipid scramblase 1	O15162		Up
G1P2	Interferon, alpha-inducible protein (IFI-15K)	M21786		Up
IRF7	Interferon regulatory factor 7	Q92985		Up
THBS1	Thrombospondin 1	J04835		Up
FCGR1A	Fc fragment of IgG, high-affinity Ia receptor	M63830		Up
USP20	Ubiquitin specific protease 20	Y17457		Down
MATK	Megakaryocyte-specific tyrosine kinase	S75164		Down
TNF and TNF receptor families
TNFSF10	TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)	U37518	DNA microarrays	Up	[73–80]
TNFRSF10C	TRAIL receptor 3	O14798		Up
FAS	Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6)	D31968		Up
Chemokines and chemokine receptors
CCR7	Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7	L31584		Up
IL8RB	Interleukin 8 receptor, beta	M99412		Up
Cell surface activation antigens
CD69	CD69 molecule	Z30426		Up
Fc receptors
FCGR1A	Fc-gamma receptor I A1	M63830		Up
FCGR2A	Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor (CD32)	A21604		Up
Metalloproteinases
MMP3	Matrix metallopeptidase 3	J04732		Up
MMP9	Matrix metallopeptidase 9	D10051		Up
Defensins
DEFA3	Defensin 3, neutrophil-specific	L12691		Up
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association scans
Gene	Protein	SNPs	Effect		References
TNFAIP3	De-ubiquitinating enzyme A20	rs13192841 rs2230926 rs6922466	Reduced expression and activity of A20		[83]
IRF5	IFN-regulatory factor 5	rs2004640	Increased risk for SLE		[84]
STAT4	Transcription factor	rs7574865	Increased risk for SLE		[85]