Application of “omics” to Prion Biomarker Discovery

Table 2

Potential Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases Identified by Mass spectrometry (MS) and 2D-Gel Electrophoresis.

Marker	Fluid	Disease∗	Reference
10 kDa subunit of vitronectin	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
alpha 1-acid glycoprotein	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
alpha1-antichymotrypsin	Urine	CJD	[36]
Apolipoprotein B100	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
Apolipoprotein E	Serum and CSF	AD and PD	[29, 34, 35]
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Bos taurus)	Urine	BSE	[37]
Clusterin	Urine, CSF, blood, and plasma	BSE and AD	[37–39]
Complement C3 component C3dg	Serum	ALS and PD	[40]
Complement C3 components of C3c family	Serum	ALS, PD, and AD	[34, 35, 40]
Complement C4	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
Complement Factor H	Serum and Plasma	ALS, PD, and AD	[34, 35, 40, 41]
Fragment Bb of Complement Factor B	Serum	PD	[40]
Haptoglobin 𝛼-2 chain	Serum and CSF	AD and PD	[29, 34, 35]
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP)	Plasma and CSF	CJD and AD	[42]
Hemoglobin 𝛼-2 chain	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
Histidine-rich glycoprotein	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
Ig Gamma-2 chain C region (Bos taurus)	Urine	BSE	[37]
Transthyretin	Serum and CSF	CJD, AD, PD	[29, 34, 35, 43]
Uroguanylin	Urine	BSE	[37]
Vitronectin precursor	Serum	AD	[34, 35]
𝛼-2-macroglobulin (𝛼-2M)	Plasma and Serum	AD	[34, 35, 41]

∗AD: Alzheimer's Disease; PD: Parkinson's Disease; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.