Combination of Intensive Chemotherapy and Anticancer Vaccines in the Treatment of Human Malignancies: The Hematological Experience
Table 4
Preparation of vaccines for lymphomas, an overview of possible methodological approaches [104].
Procedure
Advantages
Improving antigen delivery
DNA vaccines
Skin or muscle injection of cDNA encoding the antigen. Protein is endogenously produced, and the epitopes can be combined with sequences from the carrier proteins or adjuvant proteins that increase immunogenicity
Liposomal vaccines
Antigens are supposed to be delivered both for endosomal (CD4+ responses) and cytosolic processing (CD8+ responses), combination with adjuvant is possible and custom-made vaccines can rapidly be produced.
Increasing antigen presentation
Normal dendritic cell vaccines
Dendritic cells are regarded as the most powerful antigen-presenting cells; the cells can be pulsed by either cell lysates, heat shock proteins with bound client proteins or apoptotic cell organelles.
CpG vaccines
Dendritic cells are activated via toll-like receptors; these antigen-presenting cells will take up cancer-derived peptides and this approach thereby bypasses the step of custom-made vaccines. One approach is pre-vaccination local therapy that induces apoptosis, and local CpG-injection will then enhance the uptake and presentation of peptides derived from malignant cells
Malignant dendritic cells
Can be prepared for various hematological malignancies; these cells will present several tumor-specific as well as tumor-associated antigens.
