Parasitic Helminths: New Weapons against Immunological Disorders

Table 1

Suppression of experimental immunological disorders by helminthes.

Animal models	Th types	Helminths	Treatment	Proposed suppressive mechanisms	Refs
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)	Th17	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection	IL-17 ↓, TNF-𝛼↓, IL-6 ↓, RANKL ↓, Anti-collagen IgG ↓	[47]
		Ascaris suum	Worm Ag		[37]
		Acanthocheilonema viteae	Purified Ag (ES-62)	IFN-𝛾↓, TNF-𝛼↓, IL-6↓, Anti-collagen IgG↓	[78]
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)	Th17	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection	IL-12p40↓, IFN-𝛾↓, TNF-𝛼↓, IL-4↑	[24]
			Egg	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-4↑, TGF-𝛽↑, IL-10↑	[25]
		Schistosoma japonicum	Egg Ag	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-4↑	[26]
		Fasciola hepatica	Infection	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-17↓, Dependent on TGF𝛽	[49]
		Trichinella spiralis	Infection		[27]
Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice	Th1?	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection, Eggs	Inhibition of Ab class switch (Anti-insulin IgG↓)	[81]
			Egg Ag	Treg	[32]
		Litomosoides sigmodontis	Infection, Worm Ag	IL-4↑, IL-5↑, Treg	[39]
		Heligmosomoides polygyrus	Infection	Independent of IL-10 and Treg	[40]
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes	Th1?	Taenia crassiceps	Infection	AAM𝜙	[45]
TNBS/DNBS-induced colitis	Th1? / Th17?	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection	IL-2 ↑, IL-4 ↑	[30]
			Eggs	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-4↑	[29]
			Worm Ag	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-17↓, TGF-𝛽↑, IL-10↑	[28]
		Schistosoma japonicum	Egg Ag	IFN-𝛾↓, IL-4↑, IL-10↑, Treg	[31]
		Hymenolepis diminuta	Infection	IL-10↑	[41, 44]
Piroxicam-induced colitis	Th17?	Heligmosomoides polygyrus	Infection	IL-17↓, Independent of IL-10	[48]
DSS-induced colitis	Th17? / Th2?	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection (male worm)	Macrophage infiltration	[64]
Systemic anaphylaxis	Th2	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection	IL-10-producing Bcell	[34]
Asthma/Airway hypersensitivity or inflammation	Th2	Schistosoma mansoni	Infection (male worm)	IL-5 ↓, IL-10 ↑	[33]
		Schistosoma japonicum	Egg Ag, Eggs	Treg	[35]
		Heligmosomoides polygyrus	Infection	Treg	[36]
		Ascaris suum	Purified Ag (PAS-1)	IL-4↓, IL-5↓, Eotaxin↓, RANTES ↓, IL-10↑	[38]
			Worm Ag	IL-4↓, IL-5↓, Eotaxin↓, IgE↓	[42]
		Litomosoides sigmodontis	Infection	TGF𝛽↑, Treg	[43]

↓:downregulation, ↑:upregulation