Nanotargeted Radionuclides for Cancer Nuclear Imaging and Internal Radiotherapy

Table 2

Characteristics of potential radionuclides for tumor radiotherapy [14, 15, 19–21, 54, 55].

Radionuclide	Production	Emission type	Half-life	Emax (MeV)	Rmax (mean)^1	Size of tumor cells^2
^186Re	^185Re (n, 𝛾)^186Re	𝛽, 𝛾 (9.4%)	89.2 h	1.07	5 mm (1.8 mm)	Intermediate clusters
^188Re	^188W/^188Re-generator	𝛽, 𝛾 (15.1%)	17 h	2.12	11 mm (2.4 mm)	L clusters
^177Lu	^176Lu (n, 𝛾)^177Lu	𝛽	161 h	0.49	1.6 mm (0.67 mm)	S clusters
^131I	^131Te (𝛽)^131I	𝛾 (81.2%), 𝛽	8 d	0.28, 0.36, 0.64	2.4 mm (0.8 mm)	S clusters
^90Y	^90Sr/^90Y-generator	𝛽	64.1 h	2.28	12 mm (2.8 mm)	L clusters
^67Cu	^64Ni(𝛼, p)^67Cu	𝛽	2.6 d	0.19	2.2 mm (0.7 mm)	S clusters
^225Ac	^225Ra-generaor	𝛼	10 d	5.83, 5.79, 5.79, 5.73	40–80 𝜇m	Single cells, S clusters
^111In	^111Cd (p, n)^111In	Auger,𝛾	67 h	0.42	2–500 nm	Single cells

L: large; S: small.
¹Radiation tumor tissue penetration maximum and mean range.
²Small, intermediate and large clusters correspond approximately to the intervals 10⁴–10⁶,10⁶–10⁸, and 10⁸–10¹⁰ tumor cells per clusters, respectively [54].