Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Table of Contents Alerts

To receive news and publication updates for BioMed Research International, enter your email address in the box below.

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 174306, 16 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/174306
Review Article

Ion Transport by Pulmonary Epithelia

Monika I. Hollenhorst, Katrin Richter, and Martin Fronius

Institute of Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Wartweg 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany

Received 1 July 2011; Accepted 16 August 2011

Academic Editor: Frederick D. Quinn

Copyright © 2011 Monika I. Hollenhorst et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. P. K. Jeffery and L. Reid, “New observations of rat airway epithelium: a quantitative and electron microscopic study,” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 295–320, 1975. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. R. J. Pack, L. H. Al-Ugaily, and G. Morris, “The cells of the tracheobronchial epithelium of the mouse: a quantitative light and electron microscope study,” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 71–84, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. R. J. Pack, L. H. Al-Ugaily, G. Morris, and J. G. Widdicombe, “The distribution and structure of cells in the tracheal epithelium of the mouse,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 208, no. 1, pp. 65–84, 1980. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. C. G. Plopper, L. H. Hill, and A. T. Mariassy, “Ultrastructure of the nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell of mammalian lung. III. A study of man with comparison of 15 mammalian species,” Experimental Lung Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 171–180, 1980. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. J. T. Coppens, L. S. Van Winkle, K. Pinkerton, and C. G. Plopper, “Distribution of Clara cell secretory protein expression in the tracheobronchial airways of rhesus monkeys,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 292, no. 5, pp. L1155–L1162, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  6. J. K. Kim, S. S. Kim, K. W. Rha et al., “Expression and localization of surfactant proteins in human nasal epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 292, no. 4, pp. L879–L884, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. J. R. Rock, M. W. Onaitis, E. L. Rawlins et al., “Basal cells as stem cells of the mouse trachea and human airway epithelium,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 31, pp. 12771–12775, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. T. E. Finger, B. Böttger, A. Hansen, K. T. Anderson, H. Alimohammadi, and W. L. Silver, “Solitary chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity serve as sentinels of respiration,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 100, no. 15, pp. 8981–8986, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  9. M. Tizzano, F. Merigo, and A. Sbarbati, “Evidence of solitary chemosensory cells in a large mammal: the diffuse chemosensory system in Bos taurus airways,” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 209, no. 3, pp. 333–337, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  10. M. Tizzano, M. Cristofoletti, A. Sbarbati, and T. E. Finger, “Expression of taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells of rodent airways,” BMC Pulmonary Medicine, vol. 11, Article ID 3, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  11. G. Krasteva, B. J. Canning, P. Hartmann et al., “Cholinergic chemosensory cells in the trachea regulate breathing,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 23, pp. 9478–9483, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  12. A. S. Shah, Y. Ben Shahar, T. O. Moninger, J. N. Kline, and M. J. Welsh, “Motile cilia of human airway epithelia are chemosensory,” Science, vol. 325, no. 5944, pp. 1131–1134, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. Y. Song, W. Namkung, D. W. Nielson, J. W. Lee, W. E. Finkbeiner, and A. S. Verkman, “Airway surface liquid depth measured in ex vivo fragments of pig and human trachea: dependence on Na+ and Cl− channel function,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 297, no. 6, pp. L1131–L1140, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. R. C. Boucher, “An overview of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 1359–1371, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  15. H. Olbrich, K. Häffner, A. Kispert et al., “Mutations in DNAH5 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia and randomization of left-right asymmetry,” Nature Genetics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 143–144, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. T. Madan, K. B. Reid, H. Clark et al., “Susceptibility of mice genetically deficient in SP-A or SP-D gene to Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis,” Molecular Immunology, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1923–1930, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  17. R. A. Frizzell, M. J. Welsh, and P. L. Smith, “Hormonal control of chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium: an electrophysiologic analysis,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 372, pp. 558–570, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. M. Mall, M. Bleich, R. Greger, R. Schreiber, and K. Kunzelmann, “The amiloride-inhibitable Na+ conductance is reduced by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in normal but not in cystic fibrosis airways,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  19. L. H. Burch, C. R. Talbot, M. R. Knowles, C. M. Canessa, B. C. Rossier, and R. C. Boucher, “Relative expression of the human epithelial Na+ channel subunits in normal and cystic fibrosis airways,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 269, no. 2, pp. C511–C518, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  20. N. Bangel, C. Dahlhoff, K. Sobczak, W. M. Weber, and K. Kusche-Vihrog, “Upregulated expression of ENaC in human CF nasal epithelium,” Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 197–205, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. M. R. Van Scott, S. Hester, and R. C. Boucher, “Ion transport by rabbit nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) in culture,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 84, no. 15, pp. 5496–5500, 1987. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  22. D. L. Coleman, I. K. Tuet, and J. H. Widdicombe, “Electrical properties of dog tracheal epithelial cells grown in monolayer culture,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 246, no. 3, part 1, pp. C355–C359, 1984. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  23. K. Kunzelmann, R. Schreiber, and D. Cook, “Mechanisms for the inhibition of amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption by extracellular nucleotides in mouse trachea,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 444, no. 1-2, pp. 220–226, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  24. C. Rückes-Nilges, U. Weber, H. Lindemann, G. Münker, W. Clauss, and W. M. Weber, “Minor role of Cl− secretion in non-cystic fibrosis and cystic fibrosis human nasal epithelium,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  25. D. Manzanares, C. Gonzalez, P. Ivonnet et al., “Functional apical large conductance, Ca2+-activated, and voltage-dependent K+ channels are required for maintenance of airway surface liquid volume,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 22, pp. 19830–19839, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  26. S. Kikuchi, T. Ninomiya, T. Kawamata et al., “The acid-sensing ion channel 2 (ASIC2) of ciliated cells in the developing rat nasal septum,” Archives of Histology and Cytology, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 81–89, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  27. S. Kikuchi, T. Ninomiya, T. Kawamata, and H. Tatsumi, “Expression of ASIC2 in ciliated cells and stereociliated cells,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 333, no. 2, pp. 217–224, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  28. A. S. Sabnis, M. Shadid, G. S. Yost, and C. A. Reilly, “Human lung epithelial cells express a functional cold-sensing TRPM8 variant,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 466–474, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  29. C. M. Canessa, L. Schild, G. Buell et al., “Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel is made of three homologous subunits,” Nature, vol. 367, no. 6462, pp. 463–467, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  30. T. Giraldez, D. Afonso-Oramas, I. Cruz-Muros et al., “Cloning and functional expression of a new epithelial sodium channel δ subunit isoform differentially expressed in neurons of the human and monkey telencephalon,” Journal of Neurochemistry, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 1304–1315, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  31. R. Waldmann, G. Champigny, F. Bassilana, N. Voilley, and M. Lazdunski, “Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, no. 46, pp. 27411–27414, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  32. N. Bangel-Ruland, K. Sobczak, T. Christmann et al., “Characterization of the epithelial sodium channel δ-subunit in human nasal epithelium,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 498–505, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  33. E. M. Schwiebert, E. D. Potter, T. H. Hwang et al., “CGMP stimulates sodium and chloride currents in rat tracheal airway epithelia,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 272, no. 3, part 1, pp. C911–C922, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  34. R. G. Crump, G. R. Askew, S. E. Wert, J. B. Lingrel, and C. H. Joiner, “In situ localization of sodium-potassium ATPase mRNA in developing mouse lung epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 269, no. 3, part 1, pp. L299–L308, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  35. M. W. Dodrill and J. S. Fedan, “Lipopolysaccharide hyperpolarizes guinea pig airway epithelium by increasing the activities of the epithelial Na+ channel and the Na+-K+ pump,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 299, no. 4, pp. L550–L558, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. A. M. Paradiso, “Identification of Na+-H+ exchange in human normal and cystic fibrotic ciliated airway epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 262, no. 6, part 1, pp. L757–L764, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  37. E. M. Schwiebert, N. Kizer, D. C. Gruenert, and B. A. Stanton, “GTP-binding proteins inhibit cAMP activation of chloride channels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 89, no. 22, pp. 10623–10627, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  38. O. A. Itani, J. H. Chen, P. H. Karp et al., “Human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia have reduced Cl− conductance but not increased Na+ conductance,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 25, pp. 10260–10265, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  39. J. H. Chen, D. A. Stoltz, P. H. Karp et al., “Loss of anion transport without increased sodium absorption characterizes newborn porcine cystic fibrosis airway epithelia,” Cell, vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 911–923, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  40. B. P. O'Sullivan and S. D. Freedman, “Cystic fibrosis,” The Lancet, vol. 373, no. 9678, pp. 1891–1904, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  41. J. R. Rock, W. K. O'Neal, S. E. Gabriel et al., “Transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) is a Ca2+ -regulated Cl− secretory channel in mouse airways,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 284, no. 22, pp. 14875–14880, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  42. W. Namkung, P. W. Phuan, and A. S. Verkman, “TMEM16A inhibitors reveal TMEM16A as a minor component of calcium-activated chloride channel conductance in airway and intestinal epithelial cells,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 3, pp. 2365–2374, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  43. R. Schreiber, I. Uliyakina, P. Kongsuphol et al., “Expression and function of epithelial anoctamins,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 10, pp. 7838–7845, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  44. H. Fischer, B. Illek, W. E. Finkbeiner, and J. H. Widdicombe, “Basolateral Cl channels in primary airway epithelial cultures,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 292, no. 6, pp. L1432–L1443, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  45. G. J. Tessier, T. R. Traynor, M. S. Kannan, and S. M. O'Grady, “Mechanisms of sodium and chloride transport across equine tracheal epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 259, no. 6, part 1, pp. L459–L467, 1990. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  46. F. J. Al-Bazzaz, N. Hafez, S. Tyagi et al., “Detection of Cl−-HCO3− and Na+-H+ exchangers in human airways epithelium,” Journal of the Pancreas, vol. 2, supplement 4, pp. 285–290, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  47. J. Berger, K. Richter, W. G. Clauss, and M. Fronius, “Evidence for basolateral Cl− channels as modulators of apical Cl− secretion in pulmonary epithelia of Xenopus laevis,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 300, no. 3, pp. R616–R623, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  48. O. Bardou, N. T. Trinh, and E. Brochiero, “Molecular diversity and function of K+ channels in airway and alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 296, no. 2, pp. L145–L155, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  49. M. Mall, A. Wissner, R. Schreiber et al., “Role of K(v)LQT1 in cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated Cl− secretion in human airway epithelia,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 283–289, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  50. M. Mall, T. Gonska, J. Thomas et al., “Modulation of Ca2+-activated Cl− secretion by basolateral K+ channels in human normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia,” Pediatric Research, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 608–618, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  51. K. Kunzelmann, H. Pavenstadt, C. Beck et al., “Characterization of potassium channels in respiratory cells: I. General properties,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 414, no. 3, pp. 291–296, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  52. N. Thompson-Vest, Y. Shimizu, B. Hunne, and J. B. Furness, “The distribution of intermediate-conductance, calcium-activated, potassium (IK) channels in epithelial cells,” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 219–229, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  53. K. Bernard, S. Bogliolo, O. Soriani, and J. Ehrenfeld, “Modulation of calcium-dependent chloride secretion by basolateral SK4-like channels in a human bronchial cell line,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 15–31, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  54. S. L. Moser, S. A. Harron, J. Crack, J. P. Fawcett, and E. A. Cowley, “Multiple KCNQ potassium channel subtypes mediate basal anion secretion from the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 221, no. 3, pp. 153–163, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  55. F. Grahammer, R. Warth, J. Barhanin, M. Bleich, and M. J. Hug, “The small conductance K+ channel, KCNQ1. expression, function, and subunit composition in murine trachea,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 45, pp. 42268–42275, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  56. R. Schreiber, B. Mürle, J. Sun, and K. Kunzelmann, “Electrolyte transport in the mouse trachea: no evidence for a contribution of luminal K+ conductance,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 189, no. 2, pp. 143–151, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  57. M. Althaus, A. Pichl, W. G. Clauss, W. Seeger, M. Fronius, and R. E. Morty, “Nitric oxide inhibits highly selective sodium channels and the Na+/K+-ATPase in H441 cells,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 53–65, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  58. H. L. Elmer, K. G. Brady, M. L. Drumm, and T. J. Kelley, “Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of transepithelial sodium and chloride transport in murine nasal epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 276, no. 3, pp. L466–L473, 1999. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  59. J. W. Ding, J. Dickie, H. O'Brodovich et al., “Inhibition of amiloride-sensitive sodium-channel activity in distal lung epithelial cells by nitric oxide,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 274, no. 3, part 1, pp. L378–L387, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  60. M. Althaus, M. Fronius, Y. Buchäckert et al., “Carbon monoxide rapidly impairs alveolar fluid clearance by inhibiting epithelial sodium channels,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 639–650, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  61. C. Rückes-Nilges, H. Lindemann, T. Klimek, H. Glanz, and W. M. Weber, “Nitric oxide has no beneficial effects on ion transport defects in cystic fibrosis human nasal epithelium,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 441, no. 1, pp. 133–137, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  62. R. Schreiber and K. Kunzelmann, “Purinergic P2Y6 receptors induce Ca2+ and CFTR dependent Cl− secretion in mouse trachea,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 16, no. 1–3, pp. 99–108, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  63. S. E. Gabriel, M. Makhlina, E. Martsen, E. J. Thomas, M. I. Lethem, and R. C. Boucher, “Permeabilization via the P2X7 purinoreceptor reveals the presence of a Ca2+ -activated Cl− conductance in the apical membrane of murine tracheal epithelial cells,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 45, pp. 35028–35033, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  64. U. Blank, C. Rückes, W. Clauss, and W. M. Weber, “Effects of nicotine on human nasal epithelium: evidence for nicotinic receptors in non-excitable cells,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 434, no. 5, pp. 581–586, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  65. W. Kummer, K. S. Lips, and U. Pfeil, “The epithelial cholinergic system of the airways,” Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 219–234, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  66. M. Acevedo, “Effect of acetyl choline on ion transport in sheep tracheal epithelium,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 427, no. 5-6, pp. 543–546, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  67. X. W. Fu, J. Lindstrom, and E. R. Spindel, “Nicotine activates and up-regulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in bronchial epithelial cells,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 93–99, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  68. H. Klapproth, T. Reinheimer, J. Metzen et al., “Non-neuronal acetylcholine, a signalling molecule synthezised by surface cells of rat and man,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, vol. 355, no. 4, pp. 515–523, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  69. B. J. Proskocil, H. S. Sekhon, Y. Jia et al., “Acetylcholine is an autocrine or paracrine hormone synthesized and secreted by airway bronchial epithelial cells,” Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 2498–2506, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  70. W. Kummer, S. Wiegand, S. Akinci et al., “Role of acetylcholine and polyspecific cation transporters in serotonin-induced bronchoconstriction in the mouse,” Respiratory Research, vol. 7, article 65, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  71. W. Kummer, K. S. Lips, and U. Pfeil, “The epithelial cholinergic system of the airways,” Histochemistry and Cell Biology, vol. 130, no. 2, pp. 219–234, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  72. B. Illek, D. Lei, H. Fischer, and D. C. Gruenert, “Sensitivity of chloride efflux vs. transepithelial measurements in mixed CF and normal airway epithelial cell populations,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 983–990, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  73. K. Kunzelmann, S. Kathöfer, A. Hipper, D. C. Gruenert, and R. Greger, “Culture-dependent expression of Na+ conductances in airway epithelial cells,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 431, no. 4, pp. 578–586, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  74. A. Dvorak, A. E. Tilley, R. Shaykhiev, R. Wang, and R. G. Crystal, “Do airway epithelium air-liquid cultures represent the in vivo airway epithelium transcriptome?” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 465–473, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  75. M. Ochs, J. R. Nyengaard, A. Jung et al., “The number of alveoli in the human lung,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 169, no. 1, pp. 120–124, 2004. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  76. E. R. Weibel, “What makes a good lung?” Swiss Medical Weekly, vol. 139, no. 27-28, pp. 375–386, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  77. G. Schmitz and G. Muller, “Structure and function of lamellar bodies, lipid-protein complexes involved in storage and secretion of cellular lipids,” Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 1539–1570, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  78. G. M. Mutlu and J. I. Sznajder, “Mechanisms of pulmonary edema clearance,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 289, no. 5, pp. L685–L695, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  79. J. N. Maina and J. B. West, “Thin and strong! The bioengineering dilemma in the structural and functional design of the blood-gas barrier,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 811–844, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  80. M. A. Matthay, L. Robriquet, and X. Fang, “Alveolar epithelium: role in lung fluid balance and acute lung injury,” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 206–213, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  81. S. M. O'Grady and S. Y. Lee, “Chloride and potassium channel function in alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 284, no. 5, pp. L689–L700, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  82. G. Saumon and G. Basset, “Electrolyte and fluid transport across the mature alveolar epithelium,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  83. E. E. Schneeberger and R. D. Lynch, “Tight junctions. Their structure, composition, and function,” Circulation Research, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 723–733, 1984. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  84. Y. Wang, R. D. Minshall, D. E. Schwartz, and G. Hu, “Cyclic stretch induces alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction via calpain-mediated degradation of p120-catenin,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 301, no. 2, pp. L197–L206, 2011. View at Google Scholar
  85. M. A. Matthay, H. G. Folkesson, and C. Clerici, “Lung epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of pulmonary edema,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 569–600, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  86. B. M. Gumbiner, “Breaking through the tight junction barrier,” Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 1631–1633, 1993. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  87. E. E. Schneeberger and R. D. Lynch, “Structure, function, and regulation of cellular tight junctions,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 262, no. 6, part 1, pp. L647–L661, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  88. L. G. Dobbs, M. D. Johnson, J. Vanderbilt, L. Allen, and R. Gonzalez, “The great big alveolar TI cell: evolving concepts and paradigms,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 55–62, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  89. D. M. Haies, J. Gil, and E. R. Weibel, “Morphometric study of rat lung cells. I. Numerical and dimensional characteristics of parenchymal cell population,” American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 533–541, 1981. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  90. E. D. Crandall and M. A. Matthay, “Alveolar epithelial transport: basic science to clinical medicine,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 1021–1029, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  91. K. C. Stone, R. R. Mercer, P. Gehr, B. Stockstill, and J. D. Crapo, “Allometric relationships of cell numbers and size in the mammalian lung,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 235–243, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  92. L. G. Dobbs, R. Gonzalez, M. A. Matthay, E. P. Carter, L. Allen, and A. S. Verkman, “Highly water-permeable type I alveolar epithelial cells confer high water permeability between the airspace and vasculature in rat lung,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 2991–2996, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  93. J. D. Crapo, B. E. Barry, P. Gehr, M. Bachofen, and E. R. Weibel, “Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung,” American Review of Respiratory Disease, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 332–337, 1982. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  94. J. N. Maina, “Comparative respiratory morphology: themes and principles in the design and construction of the gas exchangers,” Anatomical Record, vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 25–44, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  95. K. M. Ridge, W. G. Olivera, F. Saldias et al., “Alveolar type 1 cells express the α2 Na,K-ATPase, which contributes to lung liquid clearance,” Circulation Research, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 453–460, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  96. M. D. Johnson, J. H. Widdicombe, L. Allen, P. Barbry, and L. G. Dobbs, “Alveolar epithelial I cells contain transport proteins and transport sodium, supporting an active role for type I cells in regulation of lung liquid homeostasis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 1966–1971, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  97. Z. Borok, J. M. Liebler, R. L. Lubman et al., “Na transport proteins are expressed by rat alveolar epithelial type I cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 282, no. 4, pp. L599–L608, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  98. G. R. Newman, L. Campbell, C. Von Ruhland, B. Jasani, and M. Gumbleton, “Caveolin and its cellular and subcellular immunolocalisation in lung alveolar epithelium: implications for alveolar epithelial type I cell function,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 295, no. 1, pp. 111–120, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  99. S. Wang, R. D. Singh, L. Godin, R. E. Pagano, and R. D. Hubmayr, “Endocytic response of type I alveolar epithelial cells to hypertonic stress,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 300, no. 4, pp. L560–L568, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  100. A. V. Andreeva, M. A. Kutuzov, and T. A. Voyno-Yasenetskaya, “Regulation of surfactant secretion in alveolar type II cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 293, no. 2, pp. L259–L271, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  101. G. Zissel, M. Ernst, K. Rabe et al., “Human alveolar epithelial cells type II are capable of regulating T-cell activity,” Journal of Investigative Medicine, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 66–75, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  102. H. Debbabi, S. Ghosh, A. B. Kamath et al., “Primary type II alveolar epithelial cells present microbial antigens to antigen-specific CD4+ T cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. L274–L279, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  103. M. Gentry, J. Taormina, R. B. Pyles et al., “Role of primary human alveolar epithelial cells in host defense against Francisella tularensis infection,” Infection and Immunity, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 3969–3978, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  104. J. N. Vanderbilt, E. M. Mager, L. Allen et al., “CXC chemokines and their receptors are expressed in type II cells and upregulated following lung injury,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 661–668, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  105. T. J. Standiford, S. L. Kunkel, S. H. Phan, B. J. Rollins, and R. M. Strieter, “Alveolar macrophage-derived cytokines induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression from human pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 266, no. 15, pp. 9912–9918, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  106. L. Armstrong, A. R. Medford, K. M. Uppington et al., “Expression of functional toll-like receptor-2 and -4 on alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 241–245, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  107. M. J. Evans, L. C. Cabral, R. J. Stephens, and G. Freeman, “Acute kinetic response and renewal of the alveolar epithelium following injury by nitrogen dioxide,” Chest, vol. 65, supplement 4, pp. 62S–65S, 1974. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  108. S. L. Kauffman, P. H. Burri, and E. R. Weibel, “The postnatal growth of the rat lung II. Autoradiography,” Anatomical Record, vol. 180, no. 1, pp. 63–76, 1974. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  109. C. A. Diglio and Y. Kikkawa, “The type II epithelial cells of the lung. IV. Adaptation and behavior of isolated type II cells in culture,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 622–631, 1977. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  110. B. D. Uhal, “Cell cycle kinetics in the alveolar epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 272, no. 6, pp. L1031–L1045, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  111. V. N. Lama, L. Smith, L. Badri et al., “Evidence for tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells in human adult lung from studies of transplanted allografts,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 989–996, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  112. G. Karoubi, L. Cortes-Dericks, I. Breyer, R. A. Schmid, and A. E. Dutly, “Identification of mesenchymal stromal cells in human lung parenchyma capable of differentiating into aquaporin 5-expressing cells,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 89, no. 10, pp. 1100–1114, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  113. M. Rojas, J. Xu, C. R. Woods et al., “Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in repair of the injured lung,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 145–152, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  114. N. Fujino, H. Kubo, T. Suzuki et al., “Isolation of alveolar epithelial type II progenitor cells from adult human lungs,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 363–378, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  115. M. A. Matthay, C. C. Landolt, and N. C. Staub, “Differential liquid and protein clearance from the alveoli of anesthetized sheep,” Journal of Applied Physiology Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 96–104, 1982. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  116. B. E. Goodman and E. D. Crandall, “Dome formation in primary cultured monolayers of alveolar epithelial cells,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 243, no. 1, pp. C96–C100, 1982. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  117. W. J. Wilkinson, A. R. Benjamin, I. De Proost et al., “Alveolar epithelial CNGA1 channels mediate cGMP-stimulated, amiloride-insensitive, lung liquid absorption,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 462, no. 2, pp. 267–279, 2011. View at Google Scholar
  118. H. Garty and L. G. Palmer, “Epithelial sodium channels: function, structure and regulation,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 359–396, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  119. S. Matalon, “Mechanisms and regulation of ion transport in adult mammalian alveolar type II pneumocytes,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 261, no. 5, pp. C727–C738, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  120. E. E. Schneeberger and K. M. McCarthy, “Cytochemical localization of Na+-K+-ATPase in rat type II pneumocytes,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1584–1589, 1986. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  121. G. S. Filippatos, W. F. Hughes, R. Qiao, J. I. Sznajder, and B. D. Uhal, “Mechanisms of liquid flux across pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell monolayers,” In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 195–200, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  122. B. E. Goodman, R. S. Fleischer, and E. D. Crandall, “Evidence for active Na+ transport by cultured monolayers of pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 245, no. 1, pp. C78–C83, 1983. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  123. H. O'Brodovich, C. Canessa, J. Ueda, B. Rafii, B. C. Rossier, and J. Edelson, “Expression of the epithelial Na+ channel in the developing rat lung,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 265, no. 2, part 1, pp. C491–C496, 1993. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  124. M. Kashgarian, D. Biemesderfer, M. Caplan, and B. Forbush, “Monoclonal antibody to Na,K-ATPase: immunocytochemical localization along nephron segments,” Kidney International, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 899–913, 1985. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  125. L. Nici, R. Dowin, M. Gilmore-Hebert, J. D. Jamieson, and D. H. Ingbar, “Upregulation of rat lung Na-K-ATPase during hyperoxic injury,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 261, no. 4, pp. L307–L314, 1991. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  126. S. Suzuki, D. Zuege, and Y. Berthiaume, “Sodium-independent modulation of Na+-K+-ATPase activity by beta-adrenergic agonist in alveolar type II cells,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 268, no. 6, part 1, pp. L693–L690, 1995. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  127. M. D. Johnson, “Ion transport in alveolar type I cells,” Molecular BioSystems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 178–186, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  128. M. N. Helms, J. Self, H. F. Bao, L. C. Job, L. Jain, and D. C. Eaton, “Dopamine activates amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in alveolar type I cells in lung slice preparations,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 291, no. 4, pp. L610–L618, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  129. S. Nielsen, L. S. King, B. M. Christensen, and P. Acre, “Aquaporins in complex tissues. II. Subcellular distribution in respiratory and glandular tissues of rat,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 273, no. 5, part 1, pp. C1549–C1561, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  130. C. Ding, E. D. Potter, W. Qiu, S. L. Coon, M. A. Levine, and S. E. Guggino, “Cloning and widespread distribution of the rat rod-type cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 272, no. 4, part 1, pp. C1335–C1344, 1997. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  131. P. J. Kemp, K. J. Kim, Z. Borok, and E. D. Crandall, “Re-evaluating the Na+ conductance of adult rat alveolar type II pneumocytes: evidence for the involvement of cGMP-activated cation channels,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 536, no. 3, pp. 693–701, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  132. E. Brochiero, A. Dagenais, A. Privé, Y. Berthiaume, and R. Grygorczyk, “Evidence of a functional CFTR Cl− channel in adult alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 287, no. 2, pp. L382–L392, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  133. P. B. McCray Jr., C. L. Wohlford-Lenane, and J. M. Snyder, “Localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mRNA in human fetal lung tissue by in situ hybridization,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 619–625, 1992. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  134. M. D. Johnson, H. F. Bao, M. N. Helms et al., “Functional ion channels in pulmonary alveolar type I cells support a role for type I cells in lung ion transport,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 13, pp. 4964–4969, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  135. D. Sommer, R. Bogdan, J. Berger et al., “CFTR-dependent Cl− secretion in Xenopus laevis lung epithelium,” Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 97–106, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  136. X. Fang, Y. Song, J. Hirsch et al., “Contribution of CFTR to apical-basolateral fluid transport in cultured human alveolar epithelial type II cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 290, no. 2, pp. L242–L249, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  137. X. Fang, N. Fukuda, P. Barbry, C. Sartori, A. S. Verkman, and M. A. Matthay, “Novel role for CFTR in fluid absorption from the distal airspaces of the lung,” Journal of General Physiology, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 199–207, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  138. X. Jiang, D. H. Ingbar, and S. M. O'Grady, “Adrenergic stimulation of Na+ transport across alveolar epithelial cells involves activation of apical Cl− channels,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 275, no. 6, part 1, pp. C1610–C1620, 1998. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  139. N. Jin, N. Kolliputi, D. Gou, T. Weng, and L. Liu, “A novel function of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors involving alveolar fluid homeostasis,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 281, no. 47, pp. 36012–36020, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  140. M. Johnson, L. Allen, and L. Dobbs, “Characteristics of Cl− uptake in rat alveolar type I cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 297, no. 5, pp. L816–L827, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  141. L. G. Dobbs, “Isolation and culture of alveolar type II cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 258, no. 4, part 1, pp. L134–L147, 1990. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  142. J. Chen, Z. Chen, T. Narasaraju, N. Jin, and L. Liu, “Isolation of highly pure alveolar epithelial type I and type II cells from rat lungs,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 727–735, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  143. M. Haas and B. Forbush, “The Na-K-Cl cotransporter secretory epithelia,” Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 62, pp. 515–534, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  144. T. Begenisich and J. E. Melvin, “Regulation of chloride channels in secretory epithelia,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 77–85, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  145. S. Y. Lee, P. J. Maniak, R. Rhodes, D. H. Ingbar, and S. M. O'Grady, “Basolateral Cl− transport is stimulated by terbutaline in adult rat alveolar epithelial cells,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 191, no. 2, pp. 133–139, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  146. C. F. Simard, M. J. Bergeron, R. Frenette-Cotton et al., “Homooligomeric and heterooligomeric associations between K+-Cl− cotransporter isoforms and between K+-Cl− and Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporters,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 282, no. 25, pp. 18083–18093, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  147. J. Berger, M. Hardt, W. G. Clauss, and M. Fronius, “Basolateral Cl− uptake mechanisms in Xenopus laevis lung epithelium,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. R92–R100, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  148. S. Y. Lee, P. J. Maniak, D. H. Ingbar, and S. M. O'Grady, “Adult alveolar epithelial cells express multiple subtypes of voltage-gated K+ channels that are located in apical membrane,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 284, no. 6, pp. C1614–C1624, 2003. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  149. C. Leroy, A. Privé, J. C. Bourret, Y. Berthiaume, P. Ferraro, and E. Brochiero, “Regulation of ENaC and CFTR expression with K+ channel modulators and effect on fluid absorption across alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 291, no. 6, pp. L1207–L1219, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  150. S. Jovanović, R. M. Crawford, H. J. Ranki, and A. Jovanović, “Large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels sense acute changes in oxygen tension in alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 363–372, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  151. A. S. Monaghan, D. L. Baines, P. J. Kemp, and R. E. Olver, “Inwardly rectifying K+ currents of alveolar type II cells isolated from fetal guinea-pig lund: regulation by G protein- and Mg2+-dependent pathways,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 433, no. 3, pp. 294–303, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  152. C. Leroy, A. Dagenais, Y. Berthiaume, and E. Brochiero, “Molecular identity and function in transepithelial transport of KATP channels in alveolar epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 286, no. 5, pp. L1027–L1037, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  153. N. T. Trinh, A. Prive, L. Kheir et al., “Involvement of KATP and KvLQT1 K+ channels in EGF-stimulated alveolar epithelial cell repair processes,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 293, no. 4, pp. L870–L882, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  154. H. Zhang, T. P. Flagg, and C. G. Nichols, “Cardiac sarcolemmal KATP channels: latest twists in a questing tale!,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 71–75, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  155. A. Wheeler, C. Wang, K. Yang et al., “Coassembly of different sulfonylurea receptor subtypes extends the phenotypic diversity of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1333–1344, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  156. C. G. Nichols, “KATP channels as molecular sensors of cellular metabolism,” Nature, vol. 440, no. 7083, pp. 470–476, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  157. L. Jain, X. J. Chen, S. Ramosevac, L. A. Brown, and D. C. Eaton, “Expression of highly selective sodium channels in alveolar type II cells is determined by culture conditions,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 280, no. 4, pp. L646–L658, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  158. S. Bourke, H. S. Mason, Z. Borok, K. J. Kim, E. D. Crandall, and P. J. Kemp, “Development of a lung slice preparation for recording ion channel activity in alveolar epithelial type I cells,” Respiratory Research, vol. 6, article 40, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  159. E. Hummler, P. Barker, J. Galzy et al., “Early death due to defective neonatal lung liquid clearance in αENaC-deficient mice,” Nature Genetics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 325–328, 1996. View at Google Scholar
  160. F. J. Saldias, Z. S. Azzam, K. M. Ridge et al., “Alveolar fluid reabsorption is impaired by increased left atrial pressures in rats,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 281, no. 3, pp. L591–L597, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  161. Z. S. Azzam, V. Dumasius, F. J. Saldias, Y. Adir, J. I. Sznajder, and P. Factor, “Na,K-ATPase overexpression improves alveolar fluid clearance in a rat model of elevated left atrial pressure,” Circulation, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 497–501, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  162. J. A. Frank and M. A. Matthay, “Science review: mechanisms of ventilator-induced injury,” Critical Care, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 233–241, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  163. C. Clerici and M. A. Matthay, “Hypoxia regulates gene expression of alveolar epithelial transport proteins,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 1890–1896, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  164. A. B. Weinacker and L. T. Vaszar, “Acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiology and new management strategies,” Annual Review of Medicine, vol. 52, pp. 221–237, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  165. G. Matute-Bello, C. W. Frevert, and T. R. Martin, “Animal models of acute lung injury,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 295, no. 3, pp. L379–L399, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  166. R. G. Brower, M. A. Matthay, A. Morris, D. Schoenfeld, B. T. Thompson, and A. Wheeler, “Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 18, pp. 1301–1308, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  167. M. O. Meade, D. J. Cook, G. H. Guyatt et al., “Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 299, no. 6, pp. 637–645, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  168. S. Uhlig, “Ventilation-induced lung injury and mechanotransduction: stretching it too far?” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 282, no. 5, pp. L892–L896, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  169. Y. Berthiaume, H. G. Folkesson, and M. A. Matthay, “Lung edema clearance: 20 years of progress invited review: alveolar edema fluid clearance in the injured lung,” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2207–2213, 2002. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  170. Y. Berthiaume and M. A. Matthay, “Alveolar edema fluid clearance and acute lung injury,” Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. 350–359, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  171. J. T. Gatzy, “Bioelectric properties of the isolated amphibian lung,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 213, no. 2, pp. 425–431, 1967. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  172. C. Meban, “The pneumonocytes in the lung of Xenopus laevis,” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 235–244, 1973. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  173. H. Fischer, W. Van Driessche, and W. Clauss, “Evidence for apical sodium channels in frog lung epithelial cells,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 256, no. 4, part 1, pp. C764–C771, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  174. M. Fronius, W. Clauss, and M. Schnizler, “Stimulation of transepithelial Na+ current by extracellular Gd3+ in Xenopus laevis alveolar epithelium,” Journal of Membrane Biology, vol. 195, no. 1, pp. 43–51, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  175. R. Bogdan, C. Veith, W. Clauss, and M. Fronius, “Impact of mechanical stress on ion transport in native lung epithelium (Xenopus laevis): short-term activation of Na+, Cl− and K+ channels,” Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, vol. 456, no. 6, pp. 1109–1120, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  176. Y. Kikkawa and K. Yoneda, “The type II epithelial cell of the lung. I. Method of isolation,” Laboratory Investigation, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 76–84, 1974. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  177. K. J. Kim, Z. Borok, and E. D. Crandall, “A useful in vitro model for transport studies of alveolar epithelial barrier,” Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 253–255, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  178. R. Gonzalez, Y. H. Yang, C. Griffin, L. Allen, Z. Tigue, and L. Dobbs, “Freshly isolated rat alveolar type I cells, type II cells, and cultured type II cells have distinct molecular phenotypes,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 288, no. 1, pp. L179–L189, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  179. R. F. Gonzalez, L. Allen, and L. G. Dobbs, “Rat alveolar type I cells proliferate, express OCT-4, and exhibit phenotypic plasticity in vitro,” American Journal of Physiology, vol. 297, no. 6, pp. L1045–L1055, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  180. V. Shlyonsky, A. Goolaerts, F. Mies, and R. Naeije, “Electrophysiological characterization of rat type II pneumocytes in situ,” American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 36–44, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus