Animal Models of Typical Heterotopic Ossification

Table 1

Summary of commonly used animal models.

	General strategy	examples	HO related phenotypes?	references
Animal models of hereditary HO	Hyperactive BMP receptor	ACVR1(R206H) mutation into zebrafish	No HO	[20]
		Conditionally expresses caALK2 in mice	Embryonic lethal, no HO	[29]
	Knocking out BMP inhibitors	Noggin-/- mice	Postnatal lethal, skeletal defects, HO?	[30]
		Chordin-/- mice	Postnatal lethal, skeletal defects	[31]
	Overexpressing BMPs	K14-BMP4	No HO	[32]
		Msx1-BMP4	No observable defects	[33]
		Nse-BMP4	Progressive HO, FOP-like	[34]
	Overexpressing BMP target genes	CMV-MSX2, TIMPl-MSX2 or MSX2-MSX2	HO-like	[35]
		col2-Runx2	HO-like	[36]
	Modifying BMP signaling indirectly	H2FosLTR-Fos	Calcified tumors similar to HO	[37]
		Fos-ES cell chimeras	Chondrosarcomas, similar to HO	[38]
Animal models of acquired HO	Heterotopic implantation	BMP matrigel implantation	HO	[39]
		DNA construct that produces BMPs	HO	[40]
		Nanogel-cross-linking hydrogel as a scaffold	HO	[41]
		Bone marrow cells	HO	[42]
		Microporous calcium phosphate ceramic	HO	[43]
	Hip arthroplasty model	Hip arthroplasty in rabbits	HO	[44]
	Michelsson model	Immobilization manipulation in rabbits	HO	[45]
	Achilles tenotomy model	Achilles tenotomy in rats	HO	[46]
	Trauma-induced model	Blunt force in rabbit thigh	No HO	[47]
		Repeated blunt force in sheep thigh	HO in small % of treated animals	[48]
	Inject irritants and other materials	Injection of 40% ethanol	HO	[49]
		Injection of acid-alcohol	HO in small % of treated animals	[50]